cellular levels of organization

What are the smallest units of life?

Cells

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

Physical protection and separation from outside fluid

What part of membrane lipids is hydrophilic?

The head (likes water)

What part of membrane lipids is hydrophobic?

The tail (hates water)

What does membrane proteins do?

Act as channels, receptors, markers, and enzymes

Where are integral proteins located?

in the membrane

Where are peripheral proteins located?

On the inner or outer of the membrane

What do membrane carbohydrates do?

Work as anchors, receptors, markers, and protection

What is the cytoplasm?

Area outside the nucleus but inside the membrane

What is cytosol?

The fluid inside the cell with dissolved components

What are organelles?

Subcellular structures with specific functions

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Provides structure and support

What are microfilaments and what do they do?

Thin actin filaments for movement and anchoring

What are intermediate filaments and what do they do?

Keratin filaments for shape and stabilization

What are microtubules and what do they do?

moves organelles and helps mitosis

What do microvilli do?

Increase surface area

What do cilia do?

Move materials across the cell surface

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

What does the smooth ER do?

Makes lipids and carbs

What does the rough ER do?

Makes and modifies proteins

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

receives vesicles at cis face

What do lysosomes do?

Digest pathogens and old organelles

What do mitochondria do?

Produce ATP

What are the folds inside mitochondria called?

Cristae

What is the inner compartment of mitochondria called?

Matrix

What is the function of the nucleus?

Control center containing chromosomes

What can chromosomes be transcribed into?

RNA

What does selectively permeable mean?

Only certain substances can cross the membrane

What is passive transport?

Movement without energy

What is active transport?

Movement that needs energy

What is diffusion?

Movement from high to low

What affects diffusion rate?

Temperature, size, gradient, distance

What is simple diffusion?

oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the membrane

What is channel-mediated diffusion?

Water moving through a channel

What is osmosis?

Water moving toward higher solute

What is an isotonic solution?

Equal solute concentration

What is a hypotonic solution?

Lower solute outside; cell swells

What is a hypertonic solution?

Higher solute outside; cell shrinks (crenates)

What is facilitated diffusion?

Carrier protein moves molecules from high to low

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

Pumps 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in

What is vesicular transport?

Moving materials using membrane sacs (vesicles)

What is endocytosis?

Bringing materials into the cell

What is pinocytosis?

Cell taking in fluid

What is phagocytosis?

Cell engulfing solid material

What is exocytosis?

Releasing materials out of the cell