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Supply Determinants
Labor Cost
Technology
Substitutes in Production
Complements in Production
Expectations
Number of Sellers
Demand Determinants
Income
Tastes
Substitutes in Production
Complements in Production
Expectations
Number of Buyers
Income
When consumers' income increases, they are generally able to purchase more goods and services, increasing demand. Conversely, if income decreases, demand typically falls
Tastes and Preferences
Changes in consumer preferences, often driven by trends, advertising, or new information, can increase or decrease demand for specific goods
Substitutes in demand
If the price of a substitute good rises, the demand for the original good increases. For example, if the price of tea rises, the demand for coffee might increase
Complements in demand
If the price of a complementary good rises, the demand for the original good decreases. For example, if the price of printers rises, the demand for ink cartridges might decrease.
Expectations
If consumers expect prices to rise in the future, they may buy more now, increasing current demand. If they expect prices to drop, they may wait to buy, decreasing current demand.
Number of Buyers
An increase in the number of buyers in the market increases demand. For example, population growth can lead to increased demand for housing, food, and other essentials.
Input Prices
If the cost of inputs (such as raw materials, labor, or energy) rises, the supply of the good may decrease because it becomes more expensive to produce. Conversely, if input prices fall, supply may increase.
Technology
Advances in technology can make production more efficient, increasing supply. Improved technology often lowers the cost of production, allowing producers to supply more at the same price
Substitutes in Production
If the price of a good that can be produced with the same resources rises, producers may switch to producing that good, decreasing the supply of the original good
Complements in Production
If the production of one good leads to the production of another (like beef and leather), an increase in the price of one can increase the supply of the other.
Expectations
If producers expect higher prices in the future, they might reduce current supply to sell more later at higher prices. If they expect lower prices, they may increase current supply to sell more before prices drop.
Number of Sellers
An increase in the number of sellers in the market increases supply. Conversely, if some sellers exit the market, supply decreases.