CHAPTER 7 - Industrialization and Urbanization

Industrial Revolution

A change in manufacturing methods from the Domestic System to the Factory System.

Industrial Revolution

The development of new sources of power: ○ Steam ○ Electricity ○ Coal

Industrial Revolution

The effects of the it cannot be understated. It changed how and where people lived as well as their environments.

Energy, organization, rural agriculture, urban manufacturing, transportation

What happens during the Industrial Revolution?

− ______ ○ coal and steam replace wind, water, human, and animal labor.

− ____________ ○ factories over cottage industries.

− _____ ___________ declines, _____ _____________ increases.

− ______________ ○ trains, automobiles replace animals, watercraft.

Factories

Effect of industrial revolution. People could no longer get work in rural areas and were forced to move to cities to find work in _________.

women

Effect of industrial revolution. Many working-class _____ joined the workforce to support their families.

sanitation

Effect of industrial revolution. Rapid urbanization resulted in dirty, crowded cities with poor __________ that encouraged the spread of disease.

Weavers

Effect of industrial revolution. Skilled workers, such as _______, were replaced by machines that could do the work faster.

Cloth

Effect of industrial revolution. New inventions allowed for mass production of goods like _____.

Dangerous, low

Effect of industrial revolution. Factory conditions were poor. work was often _________, and pay was often ___.

Factory owners, working class

Effect of industrial revolution. _______ ______ became rich, while the poor _______ _____ struggled to make enough money for basic necessities.

Pollution

Effect of industrial revolution. Environmental _________ increased.

Industrialization

The change from a farming economy to a machine economy. The "modernizing" of a place.

Industrialization

A transformation away from an agricultural- or resource based economy, toward an economy based on mechanized manufacturing. Usually associated with a greater average income and improved living standards.

Factory System

Making products with employees as quickly as possible. − The system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on the concentration of industry into large establishments.

Power loom, steam engine

Factory System is the system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the _____ ____ and the _____ ______ and is based on the concentration of industry into large establishments.

Markets, population, agcricultural changes, natural resources, government, other factors

Why did Industrialization Begin in England First? (6 reasons)

Enclosure Acts

act. tenant farmers forced off farms, moved to cities (urban areas) to find work in factories.

The War of 1812

pitted the United States in a war against Great Britain, from whom the American colonies had won their independence in 1783. When the British interfered with American trade, the Americans had to create their own factories instead of relying on Europe.

Smog, soot

These factors led to the depletion of natural resources. Factories would spew ____ and ____ into the air and release pollutants and chemicals directly into rivers and streams, resulting in increased air and water pollution.

Fossil fuels

The Industrial Revolution saw an increased use of ______ _____, including coal. Early factories polluted a lot. Cities in the 1800s were incredibly polluted. Living conditions were usually very bad.

Great Smog of London

lethal SMOG that covered the city of London for five days (December 5-9, 1952) − caused by a combination of industrial pollution and high pressure weather conditions.

Construction Industry

in Effects of Different Industries on Environment. Emission of carbon dioxide, methane and other waste products that pollute the air and are believed to contribute to global climate change.

Global Cement Industry

in Effects of Different Industries on Environment. Contribute 5% of global carbon dioxide emission.

Electronics Industry

in Effects of Different Industries on Environment. This results in a large amount of hazardous household waste that is often irresponsibly discarded in trash. When electronics are not recycled properly, the raw materials then leech toxic chemicals into the ground, spoiling both water and food supply for decades, at least.

Chemicals Industry

in Effects of Different Industries on Environment. Climate changes across the global fertilizers consists of substances and chemicals like methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrogen, the emission of which has contributed to a great extent in the quantity of greenhouse gases present in the environment. This in turn is leading to global warming and weather changes.

Textiles Industry

in Effects of Different Industries on Environment. During the production of textiles a large amount of energy is used to power the factories. This then creates more pollution such as carbon dioxide.

Mining Industry

in Effects of Different Industries on Environment.

− Water pollution

− Loss of biodiversity

− Soil erosion and pollution

− Formation of sink holes

Food and Beverage Industry

in Effects of Different Industries on Environment.

− Food accounts for over a quarter (26%) of global gas emissions.

− Half of the world's habitable (ice and desert free) land is used for agriculture.

Industrialization

the process that takes an agricultural economy and transforms it into a manufacturing one. Mass production and assembly lines replace manual and specialized laborers. The process has historically led to urbanization by creating economic growth and job opportunities that draw people to cities.

Urbanization

People started to move close to their factory jobs. This movement led to bigger cities. ____________ is an effect of Industrialization.

Urbanization

the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city.

Emigrant, immigrant

An ________ is someone who moves away from a country. An _________ is someone who moves to a different country. Both words can apply to the same person

Leaving, coming

The difference is that emigration is _______ and immigration is ______—an emigrant is someone who moves away, while an immigrant is someone who moves in

Urban Area

the region surrounding a city. very developed, meaning there is a density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs.

Urban

High Population Density. More than 2500 people. City

Rural

Low Population Density. Less than 2500 people. Countryside. Agricultural

Urban Growth

Defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This results from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Urban Sprawl

Can be defined as urban development with low-density housing, both residential and commercial, segregated land-use, high level of automobile use combined with lack of public transport, which is in high demand for land (Johnson, 2001).

Suburb

A place where people live just outside of a city or town. There are lots of houses in suburban areas, but not as many other buildings as urban areas—maybe just one or two small shops or stores.

Push, pull

People move to cities because "____" factors force them out of rural areas and "____" factors give them the hope of finding jobs and a better life in the city.

Pull factors

better jobs, cheaper housing, more resources, better education.

Push factors

poor education, medical, religious, cultural.

Urban populations

Are growing rapidly and many cities in developing countries have become centers of poverty.

1980, 1990

The Philippines is a highly urbanized nation. As early as ____, urbanization was at 37.2%, and by ____ it had reached 48.6%.

48.1, 48.9

In 2000, urban areas were home to 48.1% of the country's 76.5 million inhabitants: by 2010, those areas accounted for 48.9% of a total population of 94 million.

Urban sprawl

_____ ______ in the Philippines has become evident, caused mainly by the search for cheaper land outside the metropolises and the weak implementation of local plans and zonal ordinances.

Urban sprawl

Is driven by demographic, economic, geographic, social, and technological factors. These include rising incomes, preferences for living in low-density areas, natural barriers to contiguous urban development, and the technological progress in car manufacturing.

○ Preferences for living in low-density areas

○ Land-use regulations

○ Progress in car manufacturing

○ Low motor fuel taxes

○ Other policies encouraging car use

Urban Heat Island

occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas.

Urban Heat Island

The difference in temperature between urban and lessdeveloped rural areas has to do with how well the surfaces in each environment absorb and hold heat.

Changes in Air Quality

Human activities release a wide range of emissions into the environment including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, lead, and many other pollutants.

Precipitation

Changes in Patterns of _____________:

− Cities often receive more rain than the surrounding countryside since dust can provoke the condensation of water vapor into rain droplets.

Erosion

_______ and other changes in land quality:

− Rapid development can result in very high levels of erosion and sedimentation in river channels.

Pollutants

Are often dispersed across cities or concentrated in industrial areas or waste sites.

Degraded Water Quality

The water quality has degraded with time due to urbanization that ultimately leads to increased sedimentation thereby also increasing the pollutant in run-off.

Flow of Water through Streams

Higher, faster peak flows change streams channels that have evolved over centuries under natural conditions.

Flooding

can be a major problem as cities grow and stream channels attempt to keep up with these changes.

Destruction of Habitats

There is also complete eradication of habitats as an outcome of urbanization and native species are pushed out of cities.

Creation of New Habitats

New habitats are also created for some native and non

native species. Cities also create habitats for some species considered pests, such as pigeons, sparrows, rats, mice, flies, and mosquitoes.

Bat

Urbanization has, for example, eliminated many ___ colonies in caves, but has provided sites such as bridges for these species to nest.