Animal Genetics exam 2

Qualitative breeding value

• a category

• environment don’t have effect on phenotype

• controlled by one or few genes

quantitative trait

• measured numerically

• environment has a large effect on phenotype

• controlled by many genes

Mendelian genetics laws

1. law of segregation- 2 alleles for each trait

2. law of independent assortment- alleles for separate trait are inherited independently of each other

3. law of dominance- recessive alleles will be masked by dominance

Agouti

• agouti gene determines coat color in mice

lethal allele

• leads to the death of an individuals

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• make copies of DNA

• done in lab

• most popular technique

qPCR

• measures amount of DNA

• denaturation, annealing, extension

• florescence measured

PCR Steps

• denaturation of DNA (heat)

• Annealing of primers (cooling)

• extensions of DNA molecule polymerase extends the primers to synthesize new strands of DNA (dNTPs)

Gel electrohporesis

• visualization of PCR

• separates DNA by size

Genomics

• study of sequences, gene organization and DNA mutations

• genome is the complete set of DNA

Steps to Genomic Study

1. sequencing of DNA

2. Assembly of sequences

3. annotation/analysis

Human Genome Project

• identify the entire human DNA sequence

bioinformatics

• uses computer science, math and statistics to understand genetics

• identifies genetic basis for traits, disease, adaptations

Porcine stress syndrome

• susceptible to stress

Animal Breeding Programs

• produce animals while taking advantage of genetic inheritance

• end goal: improve next generation

Program cycle

1. defining breeding goals

2. collect information

3. selection and mating

4. evaluation

High heritability

high genetic

low environment

Estimated breeding value

numerical predictions of an animal's genetic merit for specific traits, used to guide breeding decisions by comparing an animal's genetic potential for traits like growth, fertility, and carcass quality