Endocrine Glands and Diabetes Management

These flashcards cover key concepts and vocabulary related to endocrine glands, diabetes management, and treatments discussed in the lecture.

Diabetes Mellitus

A chronic condition characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood due to insulin deficiency or resistance.

Islets of Langerhans

Clusters of cells in the pancreas that contain alpha and beta cells; alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin.

Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and acidosis.

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)

A serious condition resulting from extremely high blood sugar without the presence of ketones, often seen in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

Polyuria

Excessive urination, often a symptom of diabetes.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst, commonly associated with diabetes.

A1C (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)

A test that measures average blood glucose control over the past 2-3 months; results >7 indicate poor diabetes management.

Insulin Resistance

A condition where the body's cells do not respond appropriately to insulin, often seen in type 2 diabetes.

Cushing's Disease

A disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood, often due to a pituitary adenoma.

Addison's Disease

A condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, leading to fatigue, low blood pressure, and other symptoms.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

A disorder where excessive levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) cause water retention and hyponatremia.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A condition characterized by insufficient production of ADH resulting in large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst.

Blood Glucose (Normal Range)

Normal fasting blood glucose levels are between 70-110 mg/dL.

Rapid Acting Insulin

Types of insulin that start working within 5-15 minutes and have a duration of 2-4 hours, such as Lispro and Aspart.

Long Acting Insulin

Insulin types that provide a steady level of insulin over an extended period, typically 24 hours or more; examples include Lantus and Levemir.

Metabolic Acidosis

A condition characterized by decreased blood pH due to excess acid or loss of bicarbonate; commonly associated with DKA.

Hypoglycemia

A condition of abnormally low blood sugar levels, often requiring immediate treatment to restore glucose levels.

Kussmaul Respirations

Deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, such as in DKA.

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, often diagnosed in children or young adults.

Type 2 Diabetes

A condition characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, common in adults, often related to obesity.