Personality & Individual Differences

Genetic influences on personality

Research indicates genetics accounts for 40-60% of individual personality differences.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

Advancements that identify genetic variants linked to personality traits.

Heritability

The proportion of variation in personality traits that can be attributed to genetic factors.

Neuroscience and personality

Studies linking specific brain structures to personality traits, such as conscientiousness relating to the prefrontal cortex.

Cross-cultural studies

Investigations that show how cultural context shapes personality expression.

Collectivist culture

A cultural orientation emphasizing group goals over individual ones.

Individualistic culture

A cultural orientation focusing on individual achievements and rights.

Longitudinal research

Study design involving repeated observations of the same variables over long periods.

Personality and health

Certain personality traits, like conscientiousness, predict positive health outcomes.

Self-report inventories

Assessment tools where individuals answer questions about their behaviors and feelings.

Projective tests

Personality assessment techniques where individuals respond to ambiguous stimuli, revealing their inner thoughts.

Cultural beliefs

Values influenced by cultural context that shape personality development, such as the pursuit of happiness.

Gender issues in assessment

Differences in personality assessment responses based on gender, affecting diagnosis rates.

Basic strengths in Erikson's stages

Motivating characteristics and beliefs derived from successful resolution of developmental conflicts.

Self-actualization

The process of realizing and fulfilling one's potential and capabilities.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A theory outlining five levels of human needs, from basic physiological ones to self-actualization.

Observational learning

Learning behavior by watching others, as demonstrated through Bandura's Bobo doll studies.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one’s capabilities to perform tasks and reach goals, influencing motivation and persistence.