BGSU BIOL 3320 Lecture Exam 4- Urinary

filter, excrete, regulate, detoxify

functions of the kidneys

yes

do kidneys stimulate the production of red blood cells?

respiratory, integumentary, digestive, urinary

the four body systems that carry out excretion

metabolic waste

wastesubstance produced by the body

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

level of nitrogenous waste in blood

azotemia

-presence of urea or other nitrogenous elements in the blood

-elevated BUN

-May indicate renal insufficiency

uremia

excessive BUN

-presence of urinary waste in the blood

-syndrome of diarrhea ,vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia stemming from the toxicity of nitrogenous waste

-Treatment is hemodialysis or organ transplant

retroperitoneal

pertaining to behind the peritoneum (membrane that lines the abdominal cavity)

retroperitoneal

pertaining to the kidneys position in the body: the kidneys are _______________

right kidney; right

the ______ is slightly lower due to the large ____ lobe of the liver

fibrous capsule

a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

renal medulla

inner portion of the kidney

renal papilla

apex of renal pyramid

renal sinus

cavity that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structures

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

major calyx

The cavity formed by the convergence of several minor calyces, which drain urine from the minor calyxes into the renal pelvis

minor calyx

a cup-shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid

renal column

Inward extensions of the cortex tissue separating the renal pyramids.

renal pyramid

triangular-shaped division of the medulla of the kidney

ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

renal blood vessels

renal parenchyma

glandular tissue that forms urine, encircles renal sinus, two zones include the outer renal cortex and the inner renal medulla

lobe of kidney

segmental arteries, interlobular arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles

oxygenated blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, list the path of oxygenated blood from there to the glomerulus

the glomerulus

the filtration of blood, plasma, and small solutes happens here

efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries (most) OR vasa recta

after filtration in the glomerulus, the blood continues and leaves the glomerulus via these arterioles in order

cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein

after exiting the glomerulus via the efferent arterioles and peritubular capillaries OR vasa recta, the deoxygenated blood eventually ends up in the renal vein, but first passes through these in order

Renal artery, Segmental artery , Interlobar artery, Arcuate artery, Cortical radiate artery, Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Efferent arteriole, Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta, Cortical radiate vein, Arcuate vein, Interlobar vein, Renal vein

Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Cortical radiate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta → Cortical radiate vein → Arcuate vein → Interlobar vein → Renal vein

try and retype this without looking! This is the path of blood circulation from the renal artery to the renal vein through the kidney.

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

collecting duct

a nephron does not include the __________

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

two major parts of a nephron

corpuscle; tubule

the renal ___________ filters the blood plasma and the renal ____________ tubule is a long coiled tube that converts filtrate to urine

glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

what is the path of filtrate, the fluid that derives from plasma that eventually becomes urine, through a nephron, then exits out the collecting duct

proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

what makes up the renal tubule

papillary ducts, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

after exiting a nephron through the collecting duct, filtrate or urine follows what path to exit the body

glomerulus

what are the capillaries inside the glomerular capsule

peritubular capillaries

what are the capillaries that surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

vasa recta

what are the capillaries that surround the nephron loop

vascular pole

the side of the corpuscle where the afferent arterial enters the corpuscle and the efferent arteriole leaves

urinary pole

the opposite side of the corpuscle where the renal tubule begins

visceral layer, parietal layer (this layer sits on top of capillaries)

the glomerular capsule has two layers:

glomerulus (capillaries) , glomerular capsule

the renal corpuscle consists of the ________ and the two layered_________________________

cortical

a _____________ nephron is found in the outer cortex, has a short loop of henle and is 85% of all nephrons

Capillaries: peritubular

juxtamedullary

a ____________________ nephron is near the cortex medulla junction, has a long loop of henle and is about 15% of all neurons

Capillaries: vasa recta

SALT GRADIANT IN MEDULLA

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorbtion (removes everything useful), tubular secretion (removes addition waste from the blood and adds them to filtrate) , water conservation

how is urine made from blood plasma ?

glomerular filtrate

this is the fluid in the capsular space during urine formation

Similar to blood plasma except that it has almost no protein

fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, basement membrane, filtration slits

what are the 3 parts of the filtration membrane

podocyte

These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.

proteinuria

protein in the urine

hematuria

blood in the urine

blood hydrostatic pressure

What pressure pushes water and solutes out of the glomerulus and drives filtration

colloid osmotic pressure

What pressure pulls water back into capillaries due to plasma proteins

they increase

What happens to BHP and filtration if the afferent arteriole dilates

they decrease

What happens to BHP and filtration if the afferent arteriole constricts

they increase

What happens to BHP and filtration if the efferent arteriole constricts

they decrease

What happens to BHP and filtration if the efferent arteriole dilates

increase both

How does high systemic blood pressure affect glomerular BHP and filtration

decrease both

How does low systemic blood pressure affect glomerular BHP and filtration

GFR inreases

What happens to GFR when blood hydrostatic pressure increases

Filtrate moves too fast; reabsorption decreases, may cause dehydration

What happens if GFR is too high

Filtrate moves too slowly; too much reabsorption, including wastes

What happens if GFR is too low?

filtration decreases

What happens to filtration when both BHP and NFP decrease

affernet and efferent arterioles

Which arterioles control pressure in the glomerulus and influence GFR

afferent arteriole

Which arteriole brings blood into the glomerulus and controls how much blood enters for filtration

efferent arteriole

Which arteriole carries blood out of the glomerulus and helps control how much pressure builds up inside the capillaries

Renal autoregulation, sympathetic control, hormonal control

What are the three homeostatic mechanisms that regulate GFR

renal autoregulation

Which GFR control mechanism allows the kidneys to adjust their own blood flow without outside help

myogenic mechanism

This is a part of the renal autoregulation of GFR: When BP rises, afferent arteriole constricts to prevent too much filtration. When BP falls, it dilates to maintain GFR

tubuloglomerular feedback

this is part of the renal autoregulation of GFR: The macula densa in the distal tubule detects NaCl levels and tells the afferent arteriole to constrict or dilate accordingly

Macula densa cells sense NaCl levels and signal afferent arteriole to adjust GFR

What is tubuloglomerular feedback

It decreases due to afferent arteriole constriction

What happens to GFR during sympathetic nervous system activation

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

What hormone system helps maintain GFR during low blood pressure

NaCl concentration in the distal tubule filtrate

What do macula densa cells sense and respond to

Trigger afferent arteriole constriction to lower GFR

What does high NaCl in the distal tubule signal the macula densa to do?

Signal granular cells to release renin and increase GFR

What does low NaCl in the distal tubule signal the macula densa to do?

Relay signals and adjust glomerular capillary surface area to regulate filtration

What is the role of mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells

What cells release renin in response to low BP or low NaCl

afferent arteriole, down

when exercising, the sympathetic nervous system contricts the ____________________, so BHP goes _________ and the entire urinary system slows

It constricts the afferent arteriole to reduce GFR and conserve fluid

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play during low blood pressure?

Release renin to activate RAAS and raise BP

What does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate granular cells to do?

granular cells

specialized cells in the walls of renal arterioles that synthesize and release renin

renin

hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

sympathetic nervous system

What nervous system detects low blood pressure and tells granular cells to release renin?

renin

What do granular (juxtaglomerular) cells in the kidneys release when BP drops?

angiotensinogen

What protein in the blood does renin convert into angiotensin I?

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)

What enzyme in the lungs converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

Stimulates aldosterone release, ADH release, thirst, and vasoconstriction

What are the major effects of angiotensin II?

Aldosterone

What hormone does angiotensin II stimulate the adrenal glands to release?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

What hormone does angiotensin II stimulate the pituitary gland to release?

Increases water reabsorption at the collecting duct

What effect does ADH have on the kidneys?

Increases sodium (and water) reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct

What does aldosterone do in the nephron?

Causes widespread vasoconstriction

How does angiotensin II affect blood vessels?

Increases blood pressure

How does vasoconstriction affect blood pressure?

Increases blood pressure

How does retaining more water in the blood affect blood pressure?

To restore blood pressure and blood volume

What is the overall goal of the RAAS system?

aldosterone

What hormone is released when BP is low and acts on the DCT and collecting duct to increase Na⁺ reabsorption

ADH

What hormone is released when blood osmolarity is high (low BP) and acts on the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption

ANP

What hormone is released when atrial stretch is high (high BP) and increases Na⁺ and water excretion to lower BP

proximal convoluted tubule, salt

the _________________ absorbs about 65% of glomerular filtrate and absorbs most anything OTHER THAN _________