Exam 4- Comparative Anatomy Final

Pipes =

blood vessels

Fluid =

blood

pump =

heart

Direction of Heart things

Heart —> arteries —> arterioles —> capillaries —> venules —> veins

outermost to innermost layers of everything but capillaries

1. tunica externa - comprised of connective tissue

2. tunica media - comprised of smooth muscles and elastic fibers

3. tunica interna - thin layer of cells

arteries and veins have

all the tunicas (intima, media, and externa)

aterioles and venules have

all tunicas

capillaries have tunica intima only to

decrease the rate of diffusion

capillaries are “leaky” to let

plasma out

veins have valves arteries do not

• to prevent backflow

• veins get assistance from skeletal muscle

lymphatic system: capillaries

• collect plasma that is leaking from capillaries

• lymphatic capillaries —^> lymphatic vessels (that are structured like veins)

fishes don’t air breathe

heart — arteries — gills — body — heart

things with lungs: 2 circuits

• pulmonary (heart — lungs — heart

• systemic (heart via arteries — body via veins — heart

cyclostomes have:

• accesssory hearts

• blood in — sinus venous — atrium —- ventricle — aorta — gills — body

teleost or shark heart

blood in — sinus venous — atrium — ventricle — conus or bulbus arterious — aorta — gills — body

lung fish: changes to circulation

• Atrium is gonna be partially divided by pulmonalis fold

  • left side: recieves blood from the lungs

  • right side: recieves blood from the systemic blood

• ventricle: septum is also partially divided

  • conus arteriosus has valves to keep blood from mixing

amphibians and non avian reptiles (circulatory system)

• still have sinus venosus

• L/R atrium are still divided

• Amphibians: ventricles are not divided

  • trabeculae keeps blood separated so it does not mix

• conus arteriosus has a spiral valve

Non archosaurs heart

• ventricles are partially divided

• Right atrium — cavium venosm — cavum pulmonale — lungs

• left atrium — cavium arteriosom — cavum — venosum — body

archosaurs and mammals

• completely divided ventricles

  • right ventricle: O₂ poor

  • left ventricle: O₂ rich

Urogenital: kidneys

Kidneys: nephrons (functional part of the kidney)

• important for osmoregulation

How blood flows thought the kidney

Blood — glomerulus — renal capsule — tubules — collecting tubule — leaving the kidney

• tubules = adjust ions, molecules

renal system

• kidneys are extremely variable in their shape

• kidneys develop in nephric ridges

tripart kidney development (anterior to posterior development)

• pronephros

  • forms first

  • goes away as mammals develop

  • cyclstomes, lungfish, salmonides, and trout: retain this (referred to as a head kidney) but it does not osmoregulate its likely lymphatic

• mesonephros

  • grows until its joins the cloaca

• metanephric

tripartite kidney development that depends on if you are an amniote or not

• What happens next depends if amniote or not

• If you are not an amniote (shark, some fishes) = more kidney is going to form so it is going to be right up against that mesonephric part

  • The continuation is we will call the Opisthonephric mesonephric

  • It is a combination of mesonephric and other stuff posterior to it

  • No vertebrate has just a mesonephric kidney 

  • Opisthonephros with a pronephric region

    • Hagfish still have an opisthonesphros and pronephric

cyclostome brains

• similar to other fishes

  • linear in shape

  • not a lot of differentiation among regions (relatively simple)

  • have huge olfactory bulbs

  • small cerebellums

  • have a pineal gland (for light dark sensing)

  • hindbrain and midbrain dominant (relatively small forebrain)

chondroichthyes vs lamprey brains

• linear, but more differentiated

• relatvely smaller olfactory bulbs to cyclostomes

• cerebellum is larger

  • Sensory processing

  • Electroreception, other things

• optic lobe is larger

• cerebrum is larger

osteichthyes brain

• similar to sharks

• larger brain mass than sharks over all

amphibians brains

• variable across all species but thats linked to ecology

• brain mass decreases (but not sure why)

  • happens in the cerebellum especially

    • this doesn’t make sense as frogs have complex locomotion

non bird reptiles

• brain mass and volume increases

• ex: cerebellum, telecephalon

• new: neocortex (cerebral cortex)

  • for sensory integration

  • Arises twice

    • Once in reptiles and once in mammals

bird brains (relate to powered flight)

• Really increase size of telencephalon

• Optic tectum (lobe)

• Cerebellum

• hindbrain dominant (have good balance)

mammals

• huge forebrain

• neocortex

• biggest thing is noticing how folded humans brains are

  • A lot has to do with sections of the brain

  • Brocas = speech 

  • Surface area = neuron packing

mammal nerves

• spinal nerves - nerves from the spinal cord

• cranial nerves - nerves from the skull

• sensory nerves signal TO the CNS

• motor nerves signal AWAY from the CNS

• mixed has an axon for each

Urogenital system female

Egg producers: 

• Gonads = ovary 

  • Bundle of follicles connected by tissue

  • Inside follicles: Cells called oocytes - egg making cells

  • Tubes are not connected to ovaries so they end up in the coelom the body cavity

  • Oviduct is also called mullerian duct

  • Cloaca = output

  • Humans tend to have a fallopian tubes and uterus and a vagina = all part of oviduct!

Urogenital system male

• tubules held together by connective tissue

• sertoli cells make sperm

  • in the seminephis tubules

• testis takes sperm — ductus deferens — epinephric duct — out of the body

development starts with indifferent gonads

• Germ cells form in a different part of embryo and go to genital ridge

• Where those germ cells goes determines testis or ovaries

  • If germ cells migrate to medulla, more inner part, germ cells make testis

  • If germ cells migrate to cortex = make ovaries

• Exceptions! 

  • Cyclostomes and teleosts

Mammals (sex determination)

• SRY gene product happens to be on y chromosome

• XX = not make sry = egg producing mammal

• If SRY is made, end up with sperm producing one

temperature dependent sex determination

• turtles

  • temps are cold (24 - 27 degrees C) leads to male offspring

  • warmer or colder than (24 - 27 degrees C) leads to female offspring

• crocs (reptiles)

  • warm leads to female

  • cold leads to male

social cues can play a roll in sex determination

• environmental factors

• fishes

  • protogyny = female to male

  • protoandry = male to female

  • bidirectional = male to female or female to male

cyclostome sexes (Hagfish and Lamprey)

• Hagfish

  • have the right ovary

  • only have a right testis

  • have no ducts (gametes get shed into the coelum)

• lamprey

  • left and right ovary fuse to one

  • left and right testis fuse to one

urogential tract for both lamprey and hagfish

coelum — gential pore — urinary sinus — cloaca

chondrichtyes males

• males have a sperm sac to add seawater to sperm to help mobilize the sperm

• testes — efferent ducts —- archinephric duct — vas deferens — seminal vesicle — out of the body

• sharks, skates, and rays have claspers

  • not homologus to a penis

bony fish urogenital

• some have paired testes or they fuse to one

• some follow shark plan

• some have a sperm duct for only sperm with the epithnephric duct doing urine only

bony fish externally fertilize

female will lay her eggs into the water and males will come around and fertilize them

some guppies however interally fertilize

• males have a gonadopodium which is similar to a shark clasper

salamanders tend to internally fertilize

• using a spermatophore

  • package of sperm gets picked up by female cloaca so it gets placed right on there or

  • Either placed on top and then female walk over and sits and gets stuck inside cloaca

    • Or insert it a bit but its not full on penetration

frogs: externally fertilize

• Do a grasping hug - Amplexus 

  • As female releases eggs, sperm is streaming over top of eggs

• Hugging helps Frogs are more tied to water which is why they can do the stream of sperm in wet conditions

caecillians internally fertilize

• Protrude invert cloaca 

• male will invert cloaca and protrude it

• Sperm travels into female caecilian

amniotes must be internal fertilizers

• amniotes get penis’s

• testis — efferent ducts— epididymis — vas deferens — out

• have a metanephric kidney — ureter — penis

  • have their own separate tube for urine

lizards and snakes have

• paired hemipenis

crocs and alligators

do not have erectile tissue - they have muscles that contract that cause penis to erect and comes out of cloaca

female urogenital system

Ovary — celum — oviduct — out of the body

sharks (female)

• single or paired ovary depends on the species

• dogfish: have paired ovaries

oviparous

• producing young from eggs that are hatched after they’ve been laid by the female

viviparous

• lemonsharks and hammerhead

  • give Live births

viviparous have

a yolk sack placenta

aplacental viviparity

• type of live birth were the eggs hatch inside the mother but the embryos aren’t connected by placenta

  • they rely on their yolk sac and sometimes consume unfertilized eggs for nutrition

teleost

• have hollow ovaries

  • the ovarian cavity before leading to oviduct

salmoids

• ovarian funnel

  • infundibulum that sits on the outside of the oviduct

lobbed finned fishes

• have the mullerian duct because they gave rise to tetrapods

special bony fish attributes

• parental care: nest guarding

special jawed fish attributes

• mouth breeding: they carry young around in their mouths

Amphibians

• paired ovaries

• tend to divide the oviduct into parts

  • 1. funnel, 2. conviluted tubules, 3. uterus

terrestral salamanders are

oviparous

• producing young from eggs that are hatched after they are laid by the parent

amniotes

• have 4 extra embryotic layers

  • yolk sac, allantois, chorion, amnion

functions of the four layers

• yolk sac

  • food for the embryo

• allantois

  • contains waste from the embryo

• chorion

  • allows for gas exchange

• amnion

  • secretes amniotic fluid

in primates what is largely internal

the clitoris

birds

retain the left ovary but lose the right

birds and non avian reptile oviduct regions

oviduct

1. magnum

2. isthmus

3. shell gland

4. uterus

• fertilization occurs in the infundibulum

variations in bird vaginas

pheasants

• straight

pekin duck

• has pockets that are conviluted

  • sperm can be stored in these pockets

mammals

infundibulum — oviduct — uterotubule junction — uterus — cervix— vagina

monotreme and marsupials

• ekidnas and platypus

  • have cloacas

• opossums

  • have a left and right vagina

duplex uterus

• 2 uterus and 2 cervix’s and 1 vagina

bipartite uterus

2 uterus is partially fused together that share one cervix

simplex uterus

single uterus and single cervix (human)

mammals are largely

• viviparous

• except for: monotremes like ekidnas and platypuses

reptiles and birds have

all 4 emryoic layers

fishes only have

a yolk sac

cyclostomes (hearts)

• all arteries are associated with gills

Shark (heart)

• AA1

  • associated with the spiracular artery or does not exist

• AA2

  • associated with the hyoid and gills

• AA3

  • gills

• AA4

  • gills

• AA5

  • gills

• AA6

  • gills

bony fish (heart)

• AA1

  • associated with the jaw sometimes or sometimes doesn’t exist

• AA2

  • associated with the hyoid arch or sometimes doesn’t exist

• AA3

  • gills sometimes or sometimes doesn’t exist

• AA4

  • gills

• AA5

  • gills

• AA6

  • gills

lungfish (heart)

• AA1

  • does not exist

• AA2

  • associated with the gills

• AA3

  • bypasses the gills and just moves blood to to the dorsal aorta

• AA4

  • bypasses the gills and just moves blood to to the dorsal aorta

• AA5

  • gills

• AA6

  • part of AA6 is pulmonary artery which goes to lungs, then pulmonary vein returns blood to the heart

  • ductus arteriosus determines whether the pulmonary artery is engaged

fully aquatic amphibians (hearts)

• AA1

  • they have

• AA2

  • have

• AA3

  • gills

• AA4

  • gills

• AA5

  • gills

• AA6

  • gills

fully terrestrial amphibians (hearts)

• AA1

  • does not exist

• AA2

  • does not exist

• AA3

  • they have

• AA4

  • they have

• AA5

  • does not exist

• AA6

  • pulmonary artery with ductus arteriosus

amphibians anurans (hearts)

• AA1

  • does not exist

• AA2

  • does not exist

• AA3

  • they have

• AA4

  • they have

• AA5

  • does not exist

• AA6

  • pulmonary artery with NO ductus arteriosus

Birds

• AA1

  • does not exist

• AA2

  • does not exist

• AA3

  • common carotid artery

• AA4

  • Right- “the aortic arch” part of the systemic circulatory

• AA5

  • does not exist

• AA6

  • they have

mammals

• AA1

  • does not exist

• AA2

  • does not exist

• AA3

  • common carotid artery

• AA4

  • left - “the aortic arch” part of the systemic circulatory

• AA5

  • does not exist

• AA6

  • they have

Non - birds

• AA1

  • does not exist

• AA2

  • does not exist

• AA3

  • common carotid artery

• AA4

  • Paired - “the aortic arch” part of the systemic circulatory

• AA5

  • does not exist

• AA6

  • they have