PSY 341-FINKEN-EXAM 3

By age three, what does dental growth look like? Why is this time important?

By age three, what does dental growth look like? Why is this time important?

children will have a full set of teeth; it is an important time to teach dental health/hygiene

When and why do children lose flexibility?

~2-3, their cartillage turns to bone

What does a child's appetite look like around 3? What does this reflect?

their appetite will slow and how much they eat will vary (will eat enough naturally) Because of this lower appetite it is important to have healthy options; this appetite change reflects a slowed growth rate and they will begin to slim down

A child may see their older siblings/parents staying up later and may try to:

stay up with them.

Transitional Object

helps children make the transition from infancy and being dependent to more independent toddlerhood. ~50% of kids

When might a child need their transitional object?

to go to sleep

What fraction of preschoolers struggle with sleep disturbances?

1/3 (reported)

nightmares

still happen as adults, though they dramatically decrease; during REM sleep, a dream occurs with a scary plot; 50% of preschoolers experience

How can you help kids with nightmares?

most will not be disturbed; but to help, rationally explain (not using magic) and allow them to feel

night terrors

non-REM deep sleep (hard to wake up); still asleep but experiencing terror, decline after age 4

How can you help kids with night terrors?

soothe and they will go back to sleep, will not remember the next morning

Bed wetting

enuresis; the child has repeated problems wetting. the bed, not related to the body, genetic link, more common among boys, 15% struggle at age 5

How can you treat bed wetting?

Behavioral: classical conditioning: pad whose buzzer goes off when wet, thus waking child up; eventually child will wake up on their own (~1 mo., $50 once)
Medically: give the child a hormone that absorbs water, but it can cause a variety of heart problems (immediately, $expensive)

What is the difference between gross and fine motor skills?

gross: tasks using large muscles (walking, throwing a ball); fine: tasks using smaller hand muscles (writing or using scissors)

What does gross motor development look like in early childhood?

the child will make large advances, at 5, they can go down the stairs like an adults (gross)

Should children partake in organized sports before age 6?

No, they should only do unorganized play because of the competition and pressure combined with the unpredictability and frustration

By what age will most children begin to show handedness?

Age 3--they will show a preference

What percent of the US are right-handed?

90%
this may vary between countries based on acceptance of left-handedness

What does artistic development reflect?

the way children draw at different ages reflects brain maturation.

What are the 4 stages of drawing?

Scribble: 0-2y: scribbles, locations: will focus on 'faces' but not within the lines
Shapes: 3y: 6 basic shapes, not representative
Design: 3-4y: put multiple shapes together not representative, just playing with shapes
Pictorial: 4-5y: representative of something in real life, concept in head they're trying to portray

What are the six basic shapes present in the shapes stage?

cross, circle, square, triange, x, odd form

What is the leading cause of death for kids in the US?

accidental injuries (because we generally have healthcare, food, and water)

What kind of accidental injuries are most common before and after age 5?

before: at home
after: car accidents (without restraints 11% morality increase), cars can't see kids without rear camera

Obesity

a problem both for adults and now, children, 2-5y: 14% obese, 26% overweight, all about what they eat
easier to prevent than fix, most common in low income houses (unhealthy foods are cheaper and less time-consuming)

Undernutrition

due to food insecurity, in the US: 17% live in food insecure, 2x more likely in houses with kids

Food security

dependable access to enough food to support healthy living

What is the major factor associated with ill health for children?

poverty

Who makes up the largest poverty group in the US?

young children

What are the proportions of kids who live below the poverty line? black kids? latino kids? white kids?

1/6 children; 39% of black children, 33% of latino children, 14% of white children

Why is poverty so devastating for children?

it affects everything--dental hygiene, health, school
homeless children experience it the worst.

Physical Abuse

an action than endangers a child or causes injury

Neglect

a failure to meet the child's basic needs
(food, shelter, supervision)

Sexual Abuse

sexual contact between a child and older person (not necessarily an adult)

Emotional Maltreatment

failing to provide love and support
also includes active things like terrorizing, isolating, and rejecting

What are the percents for each type of neglect/maltreatment?

Of reported cases: 61% are neglect, 11% are physical, 7% involve sexual

Microsystems

everyday environment of child; smallest circle

Who does the majority of child maltreatment? Why?

Parents; they may be angry, stressed, depressed, isolated, or using substances; they also may not understand child development (may expect child to be more advanced than they are)

In what amount of cases is substance abuse involved?

2/3

What is the relationship between special needs children and maltreatment?

they are at a significantly higher risk, as their lives may incur higher stress and be more demanding

Macrosystems

cultural factors

What is the US' rate of maltreatment compared to other countries? Why?

among the highest rates for maltreatment; two major predictors: rate of violent crime and endorsement of physical punishment (US is high in both)

What are some effects of maltreatment on children?

speech and cognitive delays, problems in school (academically and behaviorally), more aggressive and uncooperative, higher rates of depression and anxiety, in adulthood: increased rate of depression

What disorder may severe abuse lead to?

childhood precursor to antisocial personality disorder, reactive attachment disorder, because the child never bonded to a caregiver so they do not form attachments.

What is the preoperational stage and what is its major emphasis/milestone?

2-7y; symbolic function

symbolic function

the ability to learn by using symbols (can imagine things that aren't with them)

deferred imitation

imitate after time has passed

pretend play

house, school, doctor, important example of symbolic function

language

sounds and gestures which represent a certain thing

causality

connection between actions and reactions

transduction

moving from one particular to another particular without considering the general

Numbers

(counting) infants have an innate understanding of small numbers, counting is not innate

1 to 1 principle

only one word goes with one object

Stable order principle

numbers have an order

cardinality principle

last number is the total amount of objects you have

What are some immature aspects of early childhood?

centration, irreversibility, conservation, egocentrism.

Centration

focus on only one aspect of the situation

irreversibility

failure to understand that operations go in two directions

conservation

understanding that something maintains its amounts even if the shape changes

Shorter and taller cups

egocentrism

special form of centrism that focuses only on their point of view

How was egocentrism tested? How is this good/bad?

the mountain task: small, medium, and tall mountains with a doll on the small end and the child on the tall side, what does the doll see?

bad: a weird task that even college students fail, 3 year old can demonstrate this but just with other tasks.

Theory of Mind

our awareness of our own understanding of how our mind works

What were Piaget’s beliefs on theory of mind?

Piaget believed they had no understanding until age 6.

Fantasy vs. Reality

between 18 months and 3 years, can distinguish fantasy from reality

Imaginary Companions

25-65%, more likely to happen with firstborns or only children, and bright, creative children, more common in girls than boys, kids who have then can distinguish, good for coping

Recognition

(IPA) ability to identify something that’s been encountered before.

Recall

(IPA) the ability to reproduce something from memory

Of recognition and recall, which are preschoolers better at?

recognition, like adults

What are the three types of memory in the information processing approach?

Generic, episodic, autobiographical

Generic Memory

~2 years, script for a regular repeated event

without details, helpful to cope in new situations

Episodic Memories

a memory of an episode or event that just happened once

tied to a specific place and time, unless continuously discussed, will lose after a few months, if repeated can become generic

Autobiographical Memories

~3-4 years, type of episodic but they have distinctive experiences of your own life

personal meaning, using these they can empathize

What are the main influences on memory for the information processing approach?

active participation, social interaction, meta memory and executive function

active participation

kids who actively participate tend to remember information better (than if they were just watching)

Social interaction and memory

model: we construct our autobiographical memories, in part, by talking about them

if the shared event includes reminiscing, elaboration (can you imagine if..)

how does Metamemory and Executive Function change with age?

more efficient and control, start to show up in the preschool years

Intelligence Tests

a main component of the psychometric/Vygotskian approach

in infancy and toddlerhood, not predictive and unstable, in early childhood, more accurate and predictive.

What are the two main intelligence tests used in early childhood? Which is preferred?

Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised

WPPSI-R is preferred

Stanford Binet:

binet was hired by the French to identify kids with special needs—what can the average _ y/o do?

was the standard, then was revised by scientists at Stanford

today: balance of verbal and nonverbal, quantitative memories, spatial orientation, practical intelligence; not as commonly used, not as caught up as the Wechsler

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised

WPPSI-R: different versions for different age groups, 10 scale, five nonverbal and five verbal, start easy and progressively get harder (no feedback or guidance)

verbal: similarities and comprehension (judgments and common sense)

nonverbal: not dependent on verbal intelligence, based on processing speech (all timed)

Zone of proximal development

when a child can almost do it on their own—best time for learning

Scaffolding

support an adult gives to temporarily help (bunny story to tie shoes)

What is Vygotsky’s proposed revision for Dynamic Tests?

he argued that administrators should give hints and suggestions (scaffolding) to see who’s in the ZOPD

who is almost getting it and who is stuck?

When does grammar begin to develop?

age 3—plurals and past tenses

What are some components of language development?

they use new words everyday but may nor grasp the definition, don’t understand compound sentences

On average, how many new words a day do preschoolers learn?

9 new words a day

By the end of early childhood, how does speech sound?

very adult-like

By age 6, how many words can kids understand?

20,000

Fast-mapping

the process by which the meaning of a word is extracted after only hearing it used once or twice

Social speech:

speech directed towards others so it takes into account other’s points of view

pragmatic speech

practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate

knowing how to join into a conversation

predicts popularity

Private Speech

talking aloud to yourself with no intention of communicating to others

What percentage of children’s speech is private speech?

20-50%

What did Piaget say about private speech? Vygotsky? Who does the research support?

Piaget said it was cognitive immaturity, and Vygotsky said it was a special form of communication with self, used to structure thoughts when struggling

Research supports Vygotsky

What percent of children have a language delay?

2-19% (depending on the study)

What might a language delay include?

a struggle to do fast mapping as quickly as the other children, phonetics can be confusing to these kids, not intellectually less bright (adults often perceive it this way)

What are the two types of delays? Which is worse socially?

delay in production (Can’t say waht they want), delay in comprehension (can’t understand what’s being said)

delay in comprehension is worse socially

Emergent literacy

skills develop before we learn to read and write

social interaction is crucial (how adults talk)

dialogic reading

having a dialogue about what you’re reading

makes it interesting to kids, gives them the attitude that reading is fun

daycare

caring for kids during the day—no educational agenda (unlike preschools)

Montessori Preschool

children learn independently at their own pace on self-selected tasks, some teacher directions (what to do/how to do it)