WHII Unit 4 Study Guide

What was the Protestant Reformation?

The 16th-century religious event in Europe that split the Roman Catholic Church and created several new churches that were protestant.

Protestant Reformation significance in Germany

First took place in Germany, and many German princes (and people) accepted Lutheranism and contributed to the spread of the religion.

Who was Martin Luther?

He believed and taught that ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner, but the only thing that could save them was their faith in God. Simple faith could lead everyone to salvation.

How did Martin Luthers theology/beliefs differ from the Catholic church?

Saving a sinner wasn’t done through committing good deeds, but faith in God.

What were the 95 theses

The basis of Protestantism, “justification by grace through the church”, challenging Catholic beliefs.

Anglicanism

English Protestant Reformation (created by Henry VIII who wanted a divorce) 

Lutheranism

Religion created by Martin Luther which was the basis for Protestantism.

Calvinism

Another form of Protestantism started by Zwingli who shared ideas with Martin Luther but also disagreed with some Lutheran beliefs. Calvinism relied on faith and on the bible. Calvinism also emphasized predestination (idea that God had decided who would be saved- chosen for salvation (“the elect”), forming a special community of people expected to follow high moral standards and completely dedicate themselves to God’s wishes).

Calvinism in Switzerland

John Calvin founded Calvinism and predestination.

Calvinism in France

People converting to Calvinism were called Huguenots, and ⅓ of the French nobility became Calvinists and many of the people (still primarily Catholic). Huguenots were considered a threat to national unity → civil wars → proclamation giving huguenots freedom of worship and political rights.

The Religious Wars

The wars between Protestants and Catholics, because of the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism, European states began to align themselves with being Protestant or Catholic

Spread of Christianity

Catholic missionaries and religious ordered followed the spread of empires in Asia, Africa, and to the Americas. Protestants (Anglican, England) to North America, and Catholic Spain to South America.

What was the Scientific Revolution?

The birth of modern science was during the same period as Europeans were trying to spread Christianity, and others were developing an understanding of the cosmos. Vast intellectual and cultural transformation between 16-18th centuries, which sparked a flow of new knowledge into Europe and across the world → questioning old ways of thinking and no longer relied on cultural knowledge but knowledge acquired by inquiry & evidence → altering the idea and place of humankind & the church. Based on knowledge from Muslim and Chinese Scholars.

How was the Scientific Revolution similar to the Reformation?

Altered the idea and place that the Church holds, challenged old ways of thinking.

Galileo Galilei

Astronomer who developed an improved telescope, which he used to make observations of space.

Nicholas Copernicus

Mathematician and astronomer who discovered all things revolving around the sun. Heliocentric.

Isaac Newton

Formulated modern laws of motion and mechanics.

Francis Bacon

Created inductive reasoning (the process of reaching the truth and drawing conclusions from specific and reliable facts).

What was the enlightenment?

European moments of discovering realizations about society

Foundations of the Enlightenment

Thinking

Basic Characteristics of Enlightenment

Reason, Skepticism, Freedom, Tolerance, Equality, Optimism.

Goal of the Enlightenment

Progress

Impact of the Enlightenment

Revolutions