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Fecundity
Number of eggs
Water’s most dense temperature
4°C
allochthonous material
material from outside the body of water (ex. leaf falls into a stream)
3 layers of a stratified lake
1) epilimnion 2) metalinnion 3) hypolimnion
What is the thermocline? Where is it?
Where temperature decreases rapidly with depth, located in the metalimnion
What type of wetland is most nutrient dense?
Marshes
Are bogs groundwater dominated or precipitation dominated?
Precipitation dominated
Factors that affect zonation in Rocky Tidal zone
high— salt spray & dessication
low—tolerance to wave action, competition and predation
Master factor for fish
temperature
the currency of life
energy
does fecundity (increase/decrease) with body size?
increase
describe the growth trajectory of fish
indeterminate growth
1st/2nd order streams
steep slopes, flow quickly, narrower, particulate matter
Higher order streams
flow slowly, wider, deeper, particulate settles
2 most biolimiting factors in the ocean
nitrogen and phosphorus
lake stratification in early summer
warm forming on top, thick layer of cold below
lake stratification in late summer
warm on top, cold below, layers are more even
lake stratification in early fall
thick layer of warm on top, thin layer of cold below
lake stratification in fall turnover
Water turnover occurs as layer temps get closer and densities get closer; warm water mixing
lake stratification in winter
All cold water
lake stratification in spring turnover
Turnover with cold water mixing
3 methods of fish aging
Direct observation, Length-frequency distribution, Calcified structures
Direct observation
Mark-recapture individuals over time.
Problems: time consuming, mortality over time, only tells you how many days older it got but you never know its actual age, have to recapture fish which is hard
Length-frequency distribution
Measure the lengths of large numbers of individual fish. Based on the supposition that lengths of a particular age (or year class) will distributed normally around a mean.
Problems: reliability decreases with increasing age and there is overlap among size classes/age classes
Calcified structures
Count rings on bony structures: Marks that develop because of differences in metabolic activity and growth, Annual marks (change in season), daily marks (diurnal activity, metabolic changes between night and day), and false checks (anything that causes a reallocation of energy such as disease or injury), Can use otoliths, scales (may pick regrown scale), vertebrae, opercula, fin rays, shells, etc.
Calcified structures is gold standard for fish aging
Problems: validation and precision (don't know rings actually represent 1 year), seasonal variation is less prominent in the tropics than temperate regions so it's harder to see differences in the otoliths, tropical species tend to spawn several times throughout the year or have a protracted spawning season, have to kill the fish (can't do on rare or endangered species)
Processes that add or remove individual from the population
Reproduction, mortality, recruitment
Cold water slows/speeds up metabolism?
slows
Heightened senses allow fish to
Feel pressure changes (lateral line) and sensitivity to vibrations (inner ear, otoliths) which allow them to move quickly and in synchronized ways (schools)