clep iep

Critical pedagogy

Teaching to recognize and resist oppression, influenced by Karl Marx.

Law of Effect

Behaviors with positive outcomes are repeated; negative outcomes, avoided.

Two-sigma problem

Students with individual tutors perform two standard deviations higher.

Norm-Referenced Testing

Testing measuring a student's score relative to a group, ranking students.

Criterion-Referenced Testing

Testing measuring a student's mastery of specific skills or concepts.

Carroll's Model of School Learning

Learning is a function of time spent versus time needed.

Steiner-Waldorf Education

Humanistic teaching emphasizing creativity and imagination, with imitative, artistic, and abstract learning stages.

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Theory proposing eight uncorrelated cognitive intelligences.

Pivotal Response Therapy

Behavioral modification for autistic children, targeting motivation or social responsiveness.

Constructivism

Individuals create mental concepts and rules based on experience and ideas.

Two-Store Model

Memory model with sensory, working, and long-term components.

Dual Coding Hypothesis

Remembering concrete ideas better via visual and verbal storage.

Proactive Interference

Previously learned information interferes with new information retrieval.

Retroactive Interference

New information interferes with previously learned information retrieval.

Type-S Conditioning

Classical conditioning based on stimuli.

Type-R Conditioning

Operant conditioning based on responses.

Premack Principle

Using a desirable activity to strengthen a less pleasant one.

Attribution Theory

How students' views affect motivation.

Structure of Intellect (SOI)

Guilford's model of 150 intelligences in three dimensions.

Triarchic Theory

Sternberg's theory of processing, contextual, and experimental components.

Aptitude Tests

Tests predicting future performance.

Tracking

Grouping students by aptitude scores.

Summative Evaluation

Measuring overall achievement.

T-Scores

Scaling with mean of 50.

Formative education

Ongoing assessment to monitor student learning.