Early Government & The First 5 Presidents

What was the ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)?

Interstate commerce could only be regulated by the federal government.

What did the Supreme Court rule regarding Ogden's exclusive rights?

Ogden's exclusive rights granted by New York were not legal because they crossed state lines.

What was the outcome of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

States cannot tax the federal government; the Bank of the United States was declared constitutional.

Who negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty?

John Quincy Adams negotiated the treaty with Spain to cede Florida to the United States.

What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?

A policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas.

What was the 'Corrupt Bargain' in the election of 1824?

Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams in exchange for a position as Secretary of State.

What political party did Jackson's supporters create in opposition to J.Q. Adams?

The Democratic Party.

What was the Spoils System introduced by Andrew Jackson?

A practice of appointing loyal party members to government positions.

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

It provided federal funds to negotiate treaties for the forced relocation of Native Americans.

What was the significance of Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

The court recognized the Cherokee as a distinct political community and ruled Georgia could not regulate them.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced removal of the Cherokee from their lands, resulting in thousands of deaths.

What was the controversy surrounding the Second Bank of the United States?

Jackson vetoed its recharter, viewing it as a privileged institution with unfair advantages.

What were 'pet banks'?

State banks where Jackson deposited federal money after vetoing the Second Bank of the United States.

What caused the Panic of 1837?

The suspension of bank note redemption and the collapse of the credit system.

What was the Nullification Crisis?

South Carolina declared federal tariffs null and threatened secession, leading to federal intervention.

Who developed the Nullification theory?

John C. Calhoun, arguing that states could reject federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

What was the Whig Party?

A political party formed in 1834 opposing Jacksonian policies, advocating for a protective tariff and federal infrastructure.

Who were notable leaders of the Whig Party?

Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Quincy Adams.

What was Jackson's view on Native American assimilation?

He believed tribes could not assimilate and advocated for their relocation to the west.

What did Jackson mean by 'to the victor belong the spoils'?

The practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

What was the impact of the Tariff of 1832?

It led to South Carolina's declaration of nullification and increased tensions with the federal government.

What was the role of Henry Clay in the Nullification Crisis?

He proposed a compromise tariff to resolve the conflict between South Carolina and the federal government.

What was the economic condition referred to as a 'Bull market'?

A period of rising stock prices and economic growth.

What was the economic condition referred to as a 'Bear market'?

A period of declining stock prices and economic downturn.

What was the significance of the Cherokee's legal battles?

They sought to resist removal and gain recognition of their rights through the legal system.

What was the outcome of the Indian Removal Act for the Cherokee?

They lost 8 million acres and were forcibly relocated, leading to the Trail of Tears.