Bio 244 chapter 27 and 28

the reproductive systems don't become active til after \_____.

puberty

these are specialized cells for sexual reproduction:

gametes

gametes in males:

sperm

gametes in females:

ova (eggs)

sexual intercourse

copulation

combining genetic information contained within gametes

fertilization

zygote

fertilized egg, sperm and egg fuse

development of fetus

gestation

birth of the baby

parturition

male and female reproductive structures are \___ structures

homologous

males and females share a common origin during development:

male testes and female ovaries

male penis and female clitoris

gonads: primary sex organs

ovaries and testes

these are vital in development and function of reproductive organs and other organs/tissues, sexual behavior, sexual drives

sex hormones

what are the accessory reproductive organs?

ducts, glands, and external genitalia

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

production of gametes and sex hormones is regulated by sequence of hormonal events involving hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes

what interacting hormones are involved in the HPG axis?

GnRH, FSH, LH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

released: hypothalamus

sent to: ant. pituitary thru

hypophyseal portal system

follicle-stimulating hormone

released: anterior pituitary

targets: gonads and other tissue

(egg and sperm development)

luitenizing hormone

released: anterior pituitary

targets: gonads and other tissue (hormone maturity and secretion to develop egg and sperm)

the sex hormones exert \_____ feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

negative

inhibin

released from gonads of both male and female

inhibin exerts \_____ feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary

negative

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

testes

sperm-producing gonads within the scrotum

sperm is delivered to the body through system of ducts:

epididymis

ductus deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

the male accessory sex glands:

seminal glands

prostate glands

bulbs-urethral glands

the sac of skin in the superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at root penis

scrotum

the testes are \_____ degrees \_____ than core body temp, which is necessary for sperm production

3, lower

the layer of smooth muscle in superficial fascia that wrinkles skin

dartos muscle

the bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes

cremaster muscles

this is the site of where sperm is made

seminiferous tubules

sperm is moved from the seminiferous tubules to the \____

epididymus

spermatic chord

encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes

testicular cancer

cancer of the testicle, usually occurring in men 15 to 35 years of age

crytorchidism

A condition in which the testes fail to descend from the abdominal cavity to the scrotal sac.

what is the role of the accessory ducts?

to carry sperm from testes to the body exterior

order of sperm moving thru accessory ducts

epididymus

ductus (vas) deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

sperm mature in:

the epididymus

how long is the tube and how long does it take sperm to journey through the epididymus tubes?

20 ft, approx 20 days

how long is the ductus deferens?

17.7 inches

the vas deferens joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form:

ejaculatory duct

\____ muscle in walls propels spermfrom epididymus to urethra

smooth

vasectomy

removal of a segment of the vas deferens to produce sterility in the male

this produces viscous seminal fluid

seminal glands

seminal fluid is composed of:

fructose, citric acid, prostaglandins, 70% of the volume of semen

energy based fluid that allows for movement

the \___ secretes into the ejaculatory duct and consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

prostate

the prostate secretes \______ fluid

milky, slightly acidic

what is in the fluid secreted by the prostate? purpose?

\-citrate, enzymes, prostate-specific antigen

\-sperm activation and nutrition, makes semen thinner and more fluid, makes up 1/3 of semen volume

benign prostatic hyperplasia

benign growth of cells within the prostate gland

prostate cancer

cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged and older

* digital exam screening, PSA levels checked

the bulbo-urethral glands produce what

thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal that lubricates the glans penis, neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra

three regions of the male urethra:

\-prostatic urethra: surrounded by prostate

\-membranous urethra: in urogenital diaphragm

\-spongy urethra: runs thru penis

the external genitalia of the male include:

scrotum and penis

the penis consists of:

\-root and shaft that ends in glans penis

\-prepuce, or foreskin—cuff of loose skin covering glans

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin

erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra and expands to form glans of penis

corpus spongiosum

paired dorsal erectile bodies that fill with blood flow to create firm tissue

corpora cavernosa

periuneum

diamond-shaped region between pubic symphysis. cocyx, and ischial tuberosities

how much sperm is in semen

50-150 million

\_____ fluid neutralizes acidity of urine from male urethra and female vagina enhances motility

alkaline

sexual excitement causes CNS activation of parasympathetic neurons, causing local release of \_____

nitric oxide

arterioles of the penis are normally \___ but NO release relaxes local \_____

constricted, vascular smooth muscle

what is the latent period

time during which man is unable to achieve another orgasm

latent periods last \_____ and lengthen with \_____

minutes to hours, age

what is ejaculation

propulsion of semen from male duct system

what is erectile dysfunction

inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse;parasympathetic nerves of penis release to little NONE

temporary ED is caused by

psychological factors

alcohol or drugs

chronic ED is caused by

atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, stroke

what is the process of forming gale gametes called?

spermatogenesis

where does spermatogenesis occur?

seminiferous tubules

what are the major regions of sperm?

head, mid piece, tail

what do each of the parts of sperm do?

head: genetic region

midpiece: metabolic region

tail: locomotor region

male fertility is caused by problems w sperm:

quantity and quality

regulation of the male reproductive system is regulated by

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

order of HPG axis

hypothalamus: secretes GnRH

Ant Pit: FSH, LH

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates production of ova and sperm

leutinizing hormone (LH)

stimulates the sex glands to start producing sex hormones

male secondary sex characteristics

enlarged larynx (Adam's apple)

deepening voice

facial and chest hair

pubic hair

coarser skin texture

large increase in height

what are the female gonads?

ovaries, which produce estrogen, which causes secondary sex characteristics, regulates the production of eggs, controls pregnancy, and prepares the body for childbirth

internal genitalia of the female

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

external genitalia of the female

external sex organs

clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora

the ovaries are held in place by

broad ligament

ovarian follicles

tiny sac-like structures embedded in cortex, contain immature eggs (oocyte)

T or F: uterine tube system does not have direct contact w ovaries

true

this serves as a communication pathway from ovary to uterus and receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization

uterine/fallopian tubes

infundibulum

distal, funnel-shaped opening into peritoneal cavity, contains fimbriae

ampulla

middle, site of fertilization, forms half of uterine tube length

isthmus

proximal, narrow medial third that empties into superolateral region of the uterus

function of fimbriae

catch the egg from the uterus

what is it called when oocyte is fertilized in peritoneal cavity or distal uterine tube and begins developing there?

ectopic pregnancy

what is the spread of infection from the reproductive tract to the peritoneal cavity?

pelvic inflammatory disease

the uterus is made of what muscle

smooth

what is the function of the uterus

receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum

anteverted position of the uterus

inclined forward (normal position)

retroverted position of the uterus

inclined backward

the regions of the uterus are

body, fundus, cervix

cervical glands secrete what

mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle

cervial cancer and risk factors

disease in which the cells of the cervix become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollable, forming tumors; frequent cervical inflammation, STIs, multiple pregnancies

prolapse of the uterus and is caused by

pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch/weaken, uterus can slide down into vagina; caused by overstretching and sometimes tearing of muscles during childbirth