Personality Theories Exam 2

What is a key difference between Mahler’s and Freud’s view of regression?

Freud saw regression as returning to a stage of pleasure, while Mahler saw it as returning to a relationship or state of dependence (e.g., caregiver).

What is “optimal frustration” in Kohut’s theory?

Small, manageable failures in caregiver response that help build a strong and resilient sense of self.

How does attachment theory explain anhedonia or emotional withdrawal?

Insecure attachment can lead to difficulty experiencing pleasure and emotional closeness, resulting in withdrawal.

Why is the “secure base” important beyond infancy?

It becomes an internalized model that influences confidence, exploration, and adult relationships.

What is a limitation of self-report measures in attachment research?

They rely on subjective perception and memory, which may not reflect actual behavior.

How does Horney’s view of personality differ from Freud’s?

Horney emphasized social and cultural influences, while Freud focused on biological drives.

What is “basic anxiety” according to Horney?

A feeling of isolation, helplessness, and insecurity caused by lack of parental warmth or support.

Why do neurotic needs develop in Horney’s theory?

They develop as irrational strategies to cope with basic anxiety.

What is the difference between neurotic needs and neurotic trends?

• Neurotic needs = specific desires (e.g., approval, power)

• Neurotic trends = broader coping styles (toward, against, away from people)

What is the “idealized self-image” in Horney’s theory?

A false, perfect version of oneself created to cope with inner conflict.

What is the “tyranny of the should”?

Unrealistic internal demands that create self-criticism and pressure to be perfect.

What is the epigenetic principle in Erikson’s theory?

Development occurs in a fixed sequence, where each stage builds on the previous one without replacing it.

How does Erikson’s view of the ego differ from Freud’s?

Erikson saw the ego as a positive, adaptive force shaped by social experiences, not just managing internal conflicts.

What is an identity crisis in Erikson’s theory?

A period of exploration and confusion about one’s role and identity, especially during adolescence.

What is the difference between syntonic and dystonic elements?

• Syntonic = positive, healthy outcome of a stage

• Dystonic = negative, maladaptive outcome

How does ego identity differ from ego ideal?

Ego identity = who you believe you are in social roles

Ego ideal = who you think you should be

Why is adolescence a critical stage in Erikson’s theory?

It is when individuals develop a stable sense of identity, which shapes future relationships and life choices.

What is the “human dilemma” in Fromm’s theory?

Humans are aware of being separate and isolated, yet still need connection and meaning, creating internal conflict.

What are fundamental dichotomies in Fromm’s theory?

Unresolvable conflicts (e.g., life vs. death, individuality vs. connection) that humans must learn to live with.

How is positive freedom different from freedom from?

• Freedom from = escaping control or constraints

• Positive freedom = achieving connection while maintaining individuality

What is the difference between productive and non-productive orientations?

• Productive = promotes growth, love, and authenticity

• Non-productive = avoids anxiety but blocks self-realization

Why is the marketing orientation psychologically unstable?

Because self-worth depends on external approval and “selling oneself,” leading to unstable identity.

How does Fromm define necrophilia (non-literal)?

A psychological attraction to death, destruction, and control, not just literal sexual meaning.

How does Fromm’s theory lean toward teleology rather than causality?

It focuses on future goals, meaning, and purpose, rather than just past experiences.