Lesson 7: Human Body: Cells, Tissues, Organs and Body Systems (part 1)

cells

(កោសិកា) The tiny building blocks that make up all living things. In the human body, cells are the smallest units that carry out life functions (like breathing, growing, and fighting disease).

organs

(សរីរាង្គ) Larger body parts made of many cells and tissues working together to do a specific job.

Cytology

(ការសិក្សាកោសិកា) the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell.

cytologist

(អ្នកឯកទេសកោសិកា) a specialist in the study and analysis of cells.

Cell membrane

(ភ្នាសកោសិកា) tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment.

Cytoplasm

(សារធាតុកោសិកា) is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.

nucleus

(ស្នូលកោសិកា) structure within the cell that contains the cell's genetic information (DNA).

tissues

(ជាលិកា) a group of layers of similar specialized cells that join together to perform a specific functions.

Epithelial Tissue

(ជាលិកាភ្នាសកោសិកា) forms a protective covering for all inside and outside surfaces of the body.

Epithelium

(ភ្នាសកោសិកា) form protective layer on the outside surface of the body. E.g. skins, mucous membranes.

Endothelium

(ភ្នាសខាងក្នុងសរសៃឈាម) form protective layer on the inner surface of the blood vessels in organs. E.g: heart, kidneys, lungs, ...

Connective Tissue

(ជាលិកាភ្ជាប់) Supports and connects organs and other body tissues.

Dense connective tissues

(ជាលិកាភ្ជាប់ក្រាស់) Form the joints and framework of the body; Ex: bone, cartilage

Adipose tissue

(ជាលិកាខ្លាញ់) (also known as fat) Provides protective padding, insulation, and support.

Loose connective tissue

Holds organs in place and binds tissue together.

Fluid connective tissues

(ជាលិកាភ្ជាប់រាវ) Blood and lymph; transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

Muscle Tissue

(ជាលិកាសាច់ដុំ) Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.

Nerve Tissue

(ជាលិកាសរសៃប្រសាទ) Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses inside brain.

Body systems

(ប្រព័ន្ធសរីរាង្គ) sets of organs working together to perform specific functions.

Integumentary System

(ប្រព័ន្ធស្បែក) The body system that includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands (like sweat and oil glands).

sebaceous gland

(ក្រពេញប្រេង) Small oil-producing glands in the skin that release sebum (an oily substance) to keep skin and hair soft, waterproof, and protected from bacteria.

sweat gland

(ក្រពេញញើស) Glands in the skin that produce sweat to help cool the body when it is hot and to remove some waste products.

cartilage

(ឆ្អឹងខ្ចី) A strong, flexible connective tissue that is smoother than bone. It cushions joints, supports the nose and ears, and helps bones move without rubbing.

fascia

(ស្រោមសាច់ដុំ) A thin sheet of tough connective tissue that wraps around muscles, organs, and other structures like a tight bandage. It supports and separates body parts and helps with movement.

tendons

(សរសៃពួរ) Strong, rope-like bands of dense connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. When muscles contract, tendons pull on bones to make the body move.

capillaries

(សរសៃឈាមតូចៗ) The smallest and thinnest blood vessels in the body. They connect arteries and veins, allowing oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass between blood and body tissues.

Lymph

(ទឹករងៃ) A clear, watery fluid that flows through the lymphatic system. It carries white blood cells, removes waste and extra fluid from tissues, and helps fight infections.

lymphatic vessels

(សរសៃទឹករងៃ) thin tubes that carry lymph fluid throughout the body, similar to blood vessels but without a heart to pump them. They collect extra fluid from tissues and return it to the bloodstream.

lymph nodes

(កូនក្រពេញទឹករងៃ) Small bean-shaped structures along the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph fluid, trap germs, and contain immune cells to fight infections. They can swell when the body is fighting illness.

thymus

(ក្រពេញទីម៉ូស) A small gland in the chest (behind the breastbone) that helps develop and train certain white blood cells (T-cells) important for the immune system, especially in children.

spleen

(ក្រពេញពោះ) A large organ on the left side of the abdomen that filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, stores white blood cells, and helps fight certain infections.

pharynx

(បំពង់ ដើមក ) The throat — a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for both air (to the lungs) and food (to the esophagus). It connects the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus.

larynx

(ប្រអប់សំឡេង) The voice box located in the neck. It contains the vocal cords and protects the airway during swallowing while allowing speech and breathing.

trachea

(បំពង់ខ្យល់) The windpipe — a tube made of cartilage rings that carries air from the larynx down to the lungs. It is lined with mucus to trap dust and germs.

bronchial tubes

(បំពង់សួត) The branching tubes (bronchi and bronchioles) inside the lungs that carry air from the trachea deeper into the lungs for gas exchange.

esophagus

(បំពង់អាហារ) The muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the throat (pharynx) down to the stomach using wave-like contractions

pancreas

(ក្រពេញពោះវៀន) A long organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes (to break down food) and hormones like insulin (to control blood sugar levels).

ureters

(បំពង់ទឹកនោម) Two thin muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys down to the bladder for storage.

bladder

(ប្លោកនោម) A hollow, stretchy muscular organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine until it is ready to leave the body.

urethra

(បំពង់បញ្ចេញនោម) The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In males it is longer and also carries semen.

the pituitary glands

(ក្រពេញគ្រប់គ្រង) A small pea-sized gland at the base of the brain that acts as the "master gland." It produces hormones that control growth, metabolism, and many other glands in the body.

thyroid glands

(ក្រពេញទីរ៉ូអ៊ីត) A butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck that produces hormones controlling how the body uses energy (metabolism), heart rate, and body temperature.

pancreas glands

(ក្រពេញពោះវៀន) t has two jobs: producing digestive enzymes (exocrine part) and releasing hormones like insulin to control blood sugar (endocrine part).

uterus

(ស្បូន) The hollow muscular organ in a woman's lower abdomen where a baby grows and develops during pregnancy. It is also called the womb.