Ch. 6 - OCRD

* = fill-in-blanks

Lifetime prevalence of OCD

2%

True or false: OCD is considered an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5

False

*____ of people with OCD attempt suicide

10%

True or false: OCD is less common than anxiety disorders

True

*Over ___ of OCD people have an anxiety disorder

75%

What age does OCD usually onset?

20

Is OCD more common in men or women?

Equal

*Persistent and uncontrollable thoughts

Obsessions

*The individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again

Compulsions

*Most people with OCD keep the ______ of their obsessions secret

Content and frequency

*What type of OCD involves a fear of germs?

Contamination OCD

What type of OCD involves wanting things to be lined up?

Symmetry/orderliness

What are the 3 “multipliers” that increase insensitivity/frequency of compulsive checking?

1. Sense of personal responsibility

2. Probability of harm if checking does not happen

3. Predicted seriousness of harm

*Compulsions are performed to ______ caused by obsessive thoughts

Reduce the distress

*The behavioural etiology of OCD says that learned behaviours are _____ by fear reduction

Reinforced

*The cognitive etiology of OCD says that compulsive checking may result from a _____

Memory deficit

*Rachman’s Theory of Obsessions in OCD states there are catastrophic _____ of negative instrusive thoughts

Misinterpretations

*Rachman’s Theory of Obsessions in OCD states that people with OCD have an inflated sense of _____

Personal responsibility

*Meta-cognition in OCD suggests there is too much thinking about ____

Thinking itself

*There are high rates among the ____ relatives (10%) in OCD

First-degree

What brain injuries are associated with the development of OCD?

Encephalitis, head injuries, and brain tumours

*PET scans show there is an _____ activation in the frontal lobes

Increased

*Thoughts can be distressing if they’re inconsistent with valued aspects of the self = _____

Ego-syntonic

Basal ganglia

System linked to the control of motor behaviour

*Patients with long-term OCD show attention and _____ deficits

Memory

True or false: People with OCD show impairment in executive functioning

True

True or false: The SSRI hypothesis of OCD is a likely/effective theory for OCD’s etiology

False

The psychoanalytic etiology of OCD suggests that obsessions/compulsions are a result of overly harsh _____

Toilet training

*Alfred Adler viewed OCD as feelings of incompetence due to an ______

Inferiority complex

*Alfred Adler viewed as as allowing the ____ of something so they can feel control

Mastery

What % of OCD patients refuse ERP treatment?

17-19%

True or false: ERP treatment is unpleasant

True

What does ERP stand for?

Exposure and Response Prevention

*The ritual of not performing the accustomed ritual (compulsion) according to ERP acts as a ____ reinforcer

Negative

*The prevention of the ritual (compulsion) following an obsession according to ERP therapy for OCD can ____ anxiety, which then can be treated

Facilitates

True or false: CBT therapy is not effective for OCD

False

*To evaluate whether not performing a compulsive ritual will have catastrophic consequences, the client must ______ that ritual

Stop performing

*Cognitive procedures can eliminate the _____ that contributes to OCD’s clients faulty appraisals

Dysfunction

True or false: OCD is relatively easy to treat

False

What therapy is better for OCD people: Group or individual?

Equal

*CBT treatment for OCD showed significantly better results than ______

Pharmacotherapy

*CBT affects the volumes of _____ that are abnormal in people with OCD in similar ways as pharmaceutical drugs

Brain regions

True or false: Internet-based CBT is not effective in treating CBT

False

*Adding a structured ____ program to CBT for OCD can increase adherence

Physical exercise

Cingulotomy

Destroying 2-3cm of white matter in cingulum

*Cingulotomy treatment is used as a ______

Last resort

True or false: While only used in most severe cases, deep brain stimulation can cure all symptoms of OCD

False

Deep brain stimulation can reduce symptoms of _____ OCD

Average

*Deep brain stimulation only offered a small subset of OCD patients (_____)

Severe

According to the psychoanalytic etiology to OCD, the indecision in OCD derives from a need for ______ before any action can be taken

Guaranteed correctness

True or false: Psychoanalytic procedures for treating OCD have not been effective

True

What diagnosis has existed under the mental health radar for years?

Hoarding disorder

*Hoarding disorder is characterized as the difficulty ____ objects and clutter that dominates their life

Discarding

*Hoarding disorder is associated with _____

Old age

True or false: Hoarding disorder only occurs in developing countries

False

Who is more likely to have hoarding disorder: men or women?

Equal

*While people are OCD are distressed when they obsess over objects, people with hoarding disorder are _____

Excited

Prevalence of hoarding disorder?

2-5%

The prevalence of hoarding disorder was ____ as much as OCD

Twice

*Hoarding is examined under a ______ view

Dimensional

*Collectors are more _____ than hoarders

Selective

True or false: Collectors can experience difficulty discarding items

True

The cognitive etiology of hoarding disorder says that misguided attachments with objects compensate for ______ in attachment to people

Emotional deficits

*Erroneous cognitions about the ____ and meaning of possessions in those with hoarding disorder

Importance

*What kind of meds are often used for treating hoarding disorder?

SSNRIs

*CBT is often treated using ____ protocol when treating hoarding disorder

OCD

*CBT targets ____ that are problematic for hoarding

Beliefs

True or false: CBT is effective in treating hoarding disorder

True

*Hoarding may be particularly hard to treat among ______

Older adults

*Body dysmorphic disorder is defined when a person is preoccupied with an ______ defect in appearance

Imagined/exaggerated

What do women with body dysmorphic disorder often focus on?

Skin, hips, breasts, and legs

What do men with body dysmorphic disorder often focus on?

Height, penis size, or amount of body hair

*People with body dysmorphic disorder engage in ____ behaviours

Avoidance

People with body dysmorphic disorder often consult with what medical professionals?

Plastic surgeons

*Who is body dysmorphic disorder most common in: men or women?

Women

When does body dysmorphic disorder usually onset?

Adolescence

*_____ body dysmorphic disorder experience full remission

1 in 5

*Some beliefs about defects of people with body dysmorphic disorder may be severely removed from realist, suggesting a ______

Delusional disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder is comorbid with what disorder the most?

Social anxiety disorder

*To be diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder, they must perform ____ behaviours or mental acts

Repetitive

True or false: There is a genetic link in body dysmorphic disorder

True

*People with body dysmorphic disorder have lower _____

Brain volumes

*The cognitive factor of body dysmorphic disorder focus on unwanted thoughts, leading to _______ of them

Catastrophic interpretations

True or false: Treatments for body dysmorphic disorder are often long

False

*The final sessions of body dysmorphic disorder treatments typically focus on _____

Relapse prevention

*What medications are used in treating body dysmorphic disorder?

SSRIs

True or false: CBT was more effective at treating body dysmorphic disorder than meds

True

What are the 2 body-focused repetitive disorders?

Trichotillomania and excoriation

What’s the main feature of trichotillomania?

Hair pulling

What’s the diagnostic criteria for trichotillomania?

Cannot resist the urge to pluck out their hair, resulting in hair loss

*People with trichotillomania often experience intense _____ following a hair-pulling episode

Shame

*What parts of the body are often victims of trichotillomania?

Scalp, eyebrows, and eyelids

When does trichotillomania usually start?

Adolescence

In adolescence, who is trichotillomania more common in: girls or boys?

Equal

In adults, who is trichotillomania more common in: men or women?

Women

What’s the prevalence of trichotillomania?

1-2%

What’s the most comorbid disorder with trichotillomania?

Major depression disorder

What’s the main feature of excoriation?

Skin-picking

*What parts of the body are usually victim to excoriation?

Faces, hands, and/or arms

*What’s the diagnostic criteria for excoriation?

Behaviour must be chronic and lead to lesions