Designing and Planning Phase of Nursing Research

Flashcards based on lecture notes about the Designing and Planning Phase of Nursing Research, focusing on sampling, data collection, and data quality in quantitative research.

What are the phases of the Nursing Research Process?

Conceptual Phase, Designing and Planning Phase, Empirical / Implementation Phase, Analytical Phase, Dissemination and Utilization

What are the different types of Research Design?

Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed methods, Systematic reviews

What is a Population in research?

The entire group of interest population (“P” in PICO)

What is the Target population?

The entire population of interest.

What is the Accessible population?

The portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher.

What are Eligibility criteria?

Used to define or specify population characteristics (including both inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria).

What are Inclusion Criteria?

Characteristics that the prospective subjects must have if they are to be included in the study.

What do Inclusion Criteria Include?

Key features of the target population that the investigators will use to answer their research question, including demographic, clinical, and geographic characteristics.

What are Exclusion Criteria?

Features of the potential study participants who meet the inclusion criteria but present with additional characteristics that could interfere with the success of the study or increase their risk for an unfavorable outcome.

What is Sampling?

Involves selecting cases to represent the population.

What is a Sample?

A subset of population elements.

What is a Representative sample?

One whose characteristics closely approximate those of the population.

What is Sampling bias?

The systematic overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a population segment on a characteristic relevant to the research question.

What are Strata?

Subpopulations; mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specific characteristic.

What is Nonprobability Sampling?

Selecting elements by nonrandom methods in which every element does not have a chance to be included.

What is Convenience sampling?

Selecting the most conveniently available people as participants.

What is Quota sampling?

Divides the population into homogeneous strata (subpopulations) to ensure representation of the subgroups in the sample; within each stratum, people are sampled by convenience.

What is Consecutive sampling?

Involves taking all of the people from an accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size.

What is Purposive sampling?

Participants are handpicked to be included in the sample based on the researcher’s knowledge about the population.

What is an advantage of Nonprobability Sampling?

Convenient and economical

What is a Major disadvantage of Nonprobability Sampling?

Potential for bias.

What is Probability Sampling?

Involves random selection of elements from a population; each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected; the only viable method of obtaining representative samples.

What is Simple random sampling?

The random selection of elements from a sampling frame that enumerates all the elements.

What is Stratified random sampling?

Divides the population into homogeneous subgroups from which elements are selected at random.

What is Systematic sampling?

Involves the selection of every kth person on a list, such as every 10th person

What is the Sample size?

The number of study participants; larger is usually better than smaller

What is Power analysis?

Used to estimate sample size needs.

What are Sampling size formula/calculators?

Yamane’s formula or Slovin’s formula and OpenEpi.com

What are the Three Quantitative Data Collection Methods?

Self-reports, Observations, Biomarkers

What are Self-reports?

Also called patient-reported outcomes or PROs, involve directly questioning study participants; the most widely used method of collecting data for nursing studies.

What are Structured self-reports?

Involve a formal instrument.

What is a Questionnaire?

Respondents complete the instrument themselves.

What is an Interview schedule?

Questions are asked orally face-to-face or by telephone.

What are Open-ended questions?

Permit respondents to respond in their own words.

What are Multiple closed-ended questions?

Offer respondents response options from which to choose.

What is a Likert scale?

Consists of several declarative statements (items) that express a viewpoint on a topic. Respondents are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree with the statement. A person’s total score is the sum of item scores—hence, such scales are often called summated rating scales or composite scales.

What are Observations?

Techniques for acquiring data through the direct observation of phenomena.

What are Structured observations?

Dictate what the observer should observe.

What are Checklists?

Instruments based on category systems for recording the appearance, frequency, or duration of behaviors or events.

What are Rating scales?

To rate phenomena along a dimension of interest (e.g., lethargic/energetic).

What is a sampling plan?

For selecting the behaviors, events, and conditions to be observed.

What are Biomarkers?

“biophysiological measures”

What are In vivo measurements?

Performed directly within or on living organisms, e.g. blood pressure and body temperature.

What are In vitro measurements?

Performed outside the organism’s body, such as blood tests.

What is an advantage of Biomarkers?

Objective, accurate, and precise.

What is Psychometric assessment?

An evaluation of the measure’s measurement properties.

What is Validity?

Is the degree to which an instrument is measuring the construct it purports to measure.

What is Face validity?

Whether the instrument looks like it is measuring the target construct.

What is Content validity?

The extent to which an instrument’s content adequately captures the construct; assessed by having a panel of experts rate the scale items for relevance to the construct and comment on the need for revisions.

What is Criterion validity?

The extent to which the scores on a measure are a good reflection of a “gold standard”

What is Construct validity?

The extent to which an instrument adequately measures the targeted construct, as assessed mainly by testing hypotheses

What is Reliability?

Is the extent to which scores are free from measurement error; the extent to which scores for people who have not changed are the same for repeated measurements; reliability concerns consistency - the absence of variation - in measuring a stable attribute.

What is Test–retest reliability?

Administering a measure twice in a short period to see if the measure yields consistent scores

What is Interrater reliability?

Assessing whether two raters or observers independently assign similar scores

What is Internal consistency?

Assessing whether there is consistency across items in a composite scale in measuring a trait.

For Assignment 2, what textbook must be used?

Polit, D., & Beck, C.T. (2022). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. 10th ed. Wolters Kluwer