Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix, producing NADH, FADH2, CO2, and ATP.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Process in the inner mitochondrial membrane where electrons generate a proton gradient, yielding approximately 32-34 ATP.
ATP Production
Substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis and Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the ETC.
Fermentation
Anaerobic processes like lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells and alcoholic fermentation in yeast, with a lower ATP yield.
Mitochondria Structure
Comprising outer membrane, inner membrane with cristae, and matrix containing Krebs cycle enzymes.
Redox Reactions
Involving electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the ETC.
Regulation of Cellular Respiration
Control of the respiration rate by molecules like ATP, ADP, and NADH.
Connection to Photosynthesis
Interdependence of photosynthesis and respiration through the exchange of products like glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water.