Chapter Six

1-3 Years

Toddlerhood age

toddlers

_________ are movers are shakers, crawling and walking and exploring their world

“what dat”

Toddlers often say

12

Major Language Development Milestones Occurring in Toddlerhood at around ___ months of age

First words

They are symbolic and arbitrary, and refer to common people and objects in their lives

Lexical entry

For each word learned, a ________ is made

Phonetically Consistent Forms (Protowords)

Word-like forms that children use consistently and meaningfully but that do not approximate adult forms (basically random sounds but they are meant specifically

Phonetically consistent forms

__________ have a consistent sound structure but they use it to refer to more than a single referent

learning to use a stable pronunciation for communication in a particular situation

Why are protowords important?

Gestures

Used in infancy in instances of joint attention but they are also important in childhood

words

As toddlers advance in language, they rely less on gestures and more on ______ when understanding how to categorize or label objects

Referential gestures

A gesture that indicates a precise referent and has stable meaning across contexts (waving)

gestures

Using ____________ aids children with developmental disabilities to help develop spoken language

gesture-word

Toddlers use ____-______ combos as they move from the oneto two word stage

Mirror Neurons

a type of visual motor neurons, activates when an individual performs actions. Responsible for gestures in language

Toddlerhood

During this time, they are going from single words to combining words and these can communicate a variety of different functions

Customary Age of Production

The age at which 50% of children can produce a particular sound in multiple positions of words in an adult-like way

Age of mastery

The age by which most children can produce the sound like an adult. Clinicians assess production abilities of toddlers by checking the production of certain sounds in different positions of the word (initial, medial, or final)

Phonological processes

This is the time in development when people listen to toddlers speak and think it’s cute. They are learning to produce sounds like adults, but it is a “phonological process” they use to get to the age of mastery. They learn about place, manner, and voicing without regard to articulation.

Phonological Perception

Toddlers recognize that 2 identical words uttered by 2 different speakers is actually the same word

Around 18 months of age, toddlers make a transition in phonological development in which language abilities are emerging and changing

Toddlers become adept at recognizing words after hearing only parts of words which shows that their perceptual abilities are important to both speech processing and word learning

combining words to create longer utterances, demonstrate their first grammatical morphemes, begin to use different types of sentence forms

Morphology- When toddlers produce 50 words between the ages of 18 months and 2 years, they begin to do 3 things:

Grammatical Morphemes

Inflections added to words to indicate aspects of grammar (ex. plurals)

Grammatical Morphemes

These morphemes are added to a word to change its form and increase grammatical development.

grammatical morphemes

develop pretty much in the same order and emerge at the same time for English speaking children

ing, plurals, in, on

Children learn by age 3

Overgeneralization and Overextension

Occurs between age 3-4

overgeneralize

as they ____________ the rule, they are applying a certain rule to everything until they learn the next rule

2 word

The____ ____ stage marks the beginning of syntax because now they have words that they can put in order

Commenting (“baby cry”)

Negation (“no juice”)

Requesting (“more juice”)

Questions (“what that?”)

In toddlerhood, they use the following communication functions at the 2 words stage:

morphemes

Brown also created the stages of language development based on the number of _______ produced in an utterance

MLU

a measure of syntactic complexity and is the average length of an utterance in morphemes

MLU

As a child’s syntax develops in complexity, the ______ is going to increase

telegraphic

Toddler speech has a _________ quality since they don’t use articles

pronouns (ex: “me do it”)

toddlers will omit or misuse _________

simple sentences

toddlers use ____ _______ to ask yes/no questions, wh questions, to use commands, and to use negatives

Progress monitoring

Used to monitor and measure the child’s progress in a certain aspect of language over time

Comprehensive Evaluations

More structured, and usually standardized, Norm-referenced. Once the results are obtained, they should be discussed with the parents, and then ask them “does this seem to match their language abilities at home?”

Screening

Used to determine if a child is experiencing difficulty with certain aspects of language

. Ex: language checklist

Screenings, Progress Monitoring, and Comprehensive Evaluations

3 Assessments for clinicians to measure language development in childhood

does not CAUSE language impairment but it has an effect

Low SES and parental education in reference to Language Development

First born children demonstrate more advanced grammatical development

Later born children often exhibit more advanced conversational skills

we cannot say birth order causes certain outcomes. We can only say that it has an effect on development.

Effect of birth order on language development

Girls mature faster

Parents often interact differently with boys

Language is confined to object play with boys

Why do girls do better in language than boys?

Gender, birth order, and parent education/SES

3 big interindividual differences in Toddlers

This is within the toddler itself

The toddlers amount of words learned may fluctuate

They are continually comprehending new words regardless of production

Intraindividual Differences in toddlers

use communication for a variety of purposes.

One of the most important aspects of communicative development during toddler hood is the child’s ability to…

conversation

toddlers do not display much skill in __________, however they are developing that conversational schema

initiate

they may be able to ______conversation, but they can’t usually sustain it past 1 or 2 turns

distracting

Use is not just social appropriateness, it is how we use language to get our point across without _________ the listener.

receptive lexicon

the words they comprehend

expressive lexicon

the words they can produce

18-24 months

when is there a vocabulary spurt in toddlers?

7-9

How many words per day are learned during the vocabulary spurt

underextension and overextension

During the vocabulary spurt, you will see semantic ________ and _____________.

Semantic underextension

The process in which toddlers use words to refer to only a subset of possible referents

Ex: a book is only for specifically hardcover books, not paperback;

word referent relationship

In order to learn a new word, a child must “map” the mental representation of an object, event, action or concept to the specific word in question.

Quinean Conundrum

He came up with a dilemma. He pointed out that mapping a word to a referent in the face of seemingly endless interpretations is a real problem

fast mapping: the ability to acquire words after only a few exposures (or even one) to a new word and its referent.

children have some predispositions using a lexical principal framework

Social Cues

How to overcome the conundrum?