CSDS 101 - FINAL EXAM

Stress

a referent to the most prominent syllable within a multisyllabic word.

What are the factors associated with stress

• Higher amplitude (intensity/loudness)

• Longer duration of the syllable nucleus 

• Higher frequency (pitch) 

What does it mean for stress to serve a phonemic function?

• A change in stress can change the word meaning

  • REble vs. reBLE

What are the general practices related to stress? (single syllable)

• words alone will always receive primary stress

What are the general practices related to stress? (for most 2 syllable words)

•  stress will be placed on the first syllable. 

What are the general practices related to stress? (compound verbs)

• tend to have primary stress on the second verb

What are the general practices related to stress? (compound words)

• 2 syllables have similar levels of stress on both syllables

how does the rate of speech impact accommodation?

• (rate of speech is 270 words a minute) to cope with this rate of speech, accommodation occurs 

Accomidation

• an adjustment or adaptation of speech sounds as a result of the phonetic environment (or context) of a phoneme

Assimilation

• major changes as a result of omitting, adding, or altering production of a phoneme

What are the types of assimilation?

• Progressive assimilation 

• Regressive assimilation 

• Elision 

• Intrustion

Coarticulation

• minor changes in phoneme production. (denoted using diacritical markers)

  • occurs  as the result of fast rate of speech 

  • Allophonic variations (ex. moon)

Progressive assimilation

• A result of sounds that occur earlier in a word impacting the production of later occurring phonemes (an earlier sound affecting the production of a later sound) 

  • LEFT TO RIGHT 

  • EX. dogs (g makes the /s/ sound like a /z/_

Regressive Assimilation

•  A result of sound that occur later in the word impacting the production of earlier occurring phonemes (a later sound impacting the production an earlier phoneme) 

  • RIGHT TO LEFT

  • EX. bank (/k/ if affecting the “n” making the “ng” sound. THE ANTICIPATION)

Elision

• omission (exclusion) of a typically unstressed consonant, vowel, or syllable

  • Let me go - “lemigo”

Intrustion

• the addition of new phonemes

  • Tense - uses intruded /t/

Allophonic Variations

• different phonetic realizations o a single phoneme that do not change the meaning of the word

• The allophonic variations of /t/

  • intruded, stop, glottal stop, voiced 

  • Allophone - variations in the production of the phoneme

Lengthening

“homemade” (with the use of /:/)

Nasality

• not (with use of squiggle over the phoneme with nasality)

Voicing

“butter” - voicing in the "t” (marked with the like triangle type thing lol)

Syllabic consonant

apple, button

What are the common contexts for the intruded phonemes?

• Intruded /t/, /p/, /k/

• At the phrase level /j/, /w/

Articulation Disorders

• isolated distortions, substitutions, omissions, or additions (if they do not constitute a pattern of errors)

Phonological Disorders

• involve identifiable pattern of errors consistent with multiple phonological processes

  • Often results in multiple errors and increased unintelligibility

Distortions

• refers to the incorrect production of speech sounds, resulting in unclear or imprecise pronunciation that can affect communication.

Substitutions

• one sound is replaced by another

Omissions

• certain sound or syllables are left out during speech production often leading to unclear or incomplete pronunciation.

Additions

• Addition of new phonemes

Syllable structure patterns

• characterized by modifications to the syllabic structure of words 

  • Reduplication 

  • Epenthesis 

  • Consonant deletion (initial, medial, final) 

Substitution patterns

•  phonological processes in this category involve the substitution of one class of sounds for another

  • Stopping 

  • Gliding 

  • Backing

Assimilation patterns

•  processes in this category involving sounds being changed by those that recede to follow it

  • Regressive 

  • Progressive 

  • Prevocalic voicing 

Dialects

speech and language difference

Accents

Speech that ha characteristics of a foreign dialect

How do regional dialects vary?

• Can vary by source and can be based on vowel production 

Speech sound differences

• the impact from the primary language

Speech Disorders

• consistent difficulty processing, producing, and using