endocrine system // hw review

the endocrine system includes glands that secrete substances called ___

the ____ system includes cells, tissues and organs that are collectively called ___

endocrine system, endocrine glands

the glands secrete chemical substances called which travel in ___

hormones, the bloodstream

when these substances reach the, theyir . They bind to ___, resulting in a change in the functioning of the cells.

target cells and receptors

__ glands secrete __ into the bloodstream to change functioning of target cells a distance away.

Endocrine glands; hormones

glands secrete substances (like _) into ducts which open onto free surfaces

Exocrine glands; sweat

_ secretions are released from one cell and alter the functioning of neighboring cells

paracrine

_ secretions have their effect on the same cell that released them

autocrine

which of following are functions of the endocrine system?

regulates water and electrolyte balance

regulates metabolism

controls reproduction and development

regulates growth

The hypothalamus uses nervous stimulation to control the secretion of hormones from which gland

posterior pituitary

which of the following glands is found in the brain?

pituitary gland

GH - Growth hormone

increases size and division rate of body cells

PRL - Prolactin

sustains milk production after birth

TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

controls thyroid gland secretions

ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

controls adrenal cortex secretions

FSH - Follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates development of eggs and sperm

LH - Luteinizing hormone

causes secretion from ovaries and testes

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

causes kidneys to conserve water

OT - oxytocin

affects muscle contraction of uterus and mammary glands

Specific cells in the kidney can respond to changes in blood pressure. If the blood pressure drops, these cells release the enzyme _

renin

the enzyme converts a blood protein called to the peptide _

angiotensinogen; angiotensin I

an enzyme in the lungs then converts the peptide to whose function is to stimulate the _ to release the hormone _

angiotensin II; adrenal cortex: aldosterone

the hormone acts to _ sodium ions and, indirectly, water. This process will increase blood volume and blood pressure

conserve

Which of the following hormones is released when blood glucose levels are elevated?

Insulin

what is the correct order of hormones released during a stress response( general adaption syndrome)?

CRH → ACTH → cortisol

which of the following is a physiological stressor?

extreme heat

Decreasing levels of which hormone are associated with the declining strength that occurs with aging in the skeletal and muscular systems?

GH - growth hormone

Epinephrine is a hormone that cannot cross the plasma membrane. what classification hormone is it?

protein or amine

since the hormone epinephrine cannot enter the cell, what chemical serves as the 2nd messenger for the hormone?

cAMP

a peptide hormone can enter the cell directly (TRUE OR FALSE)

false

Once in the interstitial fluid, the only thing a hormone can affect is a target cell (TRUE OR FALSE)

true

aldosterone, a hormone made from cholesterol, has its receptors on the cell membrane. (TRUE OR FALSE)

False

The activation of intracellular proteins in the cell is the action of a peptide hormone. ( TRUE OR FALSE)

true

what gland release ACTH?

Pituitary gland

what is the action of ACTH?

stimulate the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex

if the ACTH stimulation test is positive for addison disease, what is expected to happen to blood levels of cortisol one hr after the ACTH injection?

Cortisol levels will be unchanged

Excess or insufficient secretion of a hormone can result in the inability to maintain homeostasis TRUE OR FALSE

true

Endocrine disorders can be due to an inability of a gland to make hormones

true

The pancreatic hormones function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism. The pancreatic hormone lowers blood glucose levels, while raises blood glucose levels

insulin; glucagon

Which of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

GH - growth hormone

PRL - prolactin

TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone

ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone

a steroid hormone enters a cell directly TRUE OR FALSE

true

what is the purpose of the hormone receptor complex moving into the nucleus?

it will cause a transcription of DNA

what is the final effect of the steroid hormone activation of the cell?

production of proteins

hormone enters the cell directly

steroid hormone

receptor is inside the cell

steroid hormone

stimulates transcription of DNA

steroid hormone

receptor is on the cell membrane

nonsteroid hormone

results in metabolic changes in the cell

steroid hormone and nonsteroid hormone

a female with a recent history of broken bones, ulcers, and kidney stones. The physician finds that they have unusually high blood levels and immediately suspects that they are suffering from an excess of _

parathyroid hormone

where is the thymus gland located?

in the mediastinum

Which organs are also components of the endocrine system because, in addition to other functions, they produce hormones?

thymus gland

reproductive organs

digestive tract

heart and kidneys

Why is there a higher level of thyroid hormone secreted in cases of pituitary tumors?

The thyroid hormone is secreted in response to hormonal stimulus from the anterior pituitary

Would insulin, a hormone that is secreted in response to humoral stimulus, be affected by the pituitary gland?

No, hormones controlled by humoral stimuli would not be affected directly by the pituitary tumor

Prolactin has a permissive effect on oxytocin in breast tissue. If prolactin levels were high, but a drug had blocked oxytocin receptors, what would be the result?

oxytocin would have LESS of an effect on the target cells

Glucagon and insulin have antagonistic effects; glucagon signaling results in an increase in blood glucose concentration. What do you expect is the result of insulin signaling?

a decrease in blood glucose concentration

When is hormone receptor downregulation likely to occur?

if a hormone is a secreted at higher than usual levels

in cases of higher-than-average insulin signaling, which of the following is likely to happen in target cells over time?

insulin receptor downregulation

Exercising muscles upregulates transporters independently of insulin signaling. Therefore, why is exercise a useful therapy for an individual with type II diabetes?

Exercise lowers blood glucose levels and therefore lowers insulin levels

Why might the oversecretion of insulin reduce glucose uptake by nerve cells?

Too much insulin pulls a lot of glucose out of the blood at a fast rate, which can cause low blood sugar, and since nerve cells do not rely on insulin and take glucose straight from the blood, if there isn't enough glucose left, they end up not getting what they need  

what hormone is released in response to low oxygen levels in the blood due to low red blood cells?

erythropoietin

What gland produces melatonin?

pineal gland

what hormone is involved with the development of immunity?

thymosin