Biology: Reproduction and Immunity

These flashcards cover key concepts in reproduction and immunity as outlined in the lecture notes.

Reproduction

The biological process by which organisms produce new individuals (offspring) essential for survival of a species.

Asexual Reproduction

A method of reproduction that involves only one parent, producing genetically identical offspring.

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction where a parent organism divides into two identical organisms.

Budding

A mode of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops as an outgrowth from the parent and eventually detaches.

Fertilisation

The fusion of two gametes (sperm and egg), leading to the formation of a zygote.

Gametogenesis

The process of forming gametes (sperm and eggs) through meiosis.

External Fertilisation

Fertilisation that occurs outside the female's body, common in many invertebrates and most fish.

Internal Fertilisation

Fertilisation that occurs inside the female, resulting in the development of offspring within the female body or in eggs.

Phagocytosis

The process by which a phagocyte engulfs and destroys pathogens.

Innate Immunity

The body’s immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens that is present at birth.

Antigen

A protein or marker on a pathogen that the immune system recognizes as foreign.

Antibody

A protein made by B cells that binds to a specific antigen to help neutralize pathogens.

Memory Cell

A long-lasting immune cell that remembers a pathogen for faster future immune responses.

Adaptive Immunity

A specific immune response that develops after exposure to a pathogen, involving B and T lymphocytes.

Vaccination

The process of introducing a vaccine into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

Active Immunity

Immunity that develops when the body produces its own antibodies in response to an antigen.

Passive Immunity

Immunity obtained by receiving ready-made antibodies from another source, such as breast milk.

Reproduction

Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce new individuals

BINARY FISSION