Pioneers in medicine 11-20

Daniel Hale Williams

One of the first physicians to perform open heart surgery in the United States and opened Provident Hospital, the first medical facility with an interracial staff.

Charles Drew

African American surgeon who pioneered methods for storing blood plasma for transfusions and organized the first large scale blood bank in the U.S.

Carlos Juan Finlay

Cuban epidemiologist recognized for pioneering yellow fever research, suggesting its transmission by mosquitoes.

Albert Baez

Mexican-American physicist who developed the x-ray reflective microscope in 1948 for examining living cells.

William Williams Keen Jr.

First brain surgeon in the U.S. and one of the first to remove a brain tumor.

Willem Johan Kolff

Dutch physician known as the 'father of artificial organs,' developed the first dialysis machine and contributed to the first artificial heart.

Harvey Cushing

Regarded as the father of modern neurosurgery, first to use x-rays for diagnosis and introduced devices for measuring blood pressure during operations.

Karl Landsteiner

Identified three major human blood types A, B, and O, which enabled safe blood transfusions.

John Macleod

Scottish doctor who led the research team that discovered insulin.

René Laennec

French physician and musician known for developing the stethoscope.