American System

Growth of NYC

Immigrants from Italy, Ireland. Worked in factories

Challenges of Growth

Overcrowded houses

Technological Advancements

lighting allowed 24/7 factories, better communication, intracity transportation (streetcars), skyscrapers allowed vertical growth

Role of Industrialization

Tech advancements, immigrant influx, economic integration, infrastructure, specialized urban economics, transportation improvement, agriculture changes, factory jobs with higher wages

Transportation as a service

interconnectivity, time-space convergence, economic development is measured by number/intensity

Adams Four Stages of Structural Evolution

walking/horsecar era, electric street car, automobile era, freeway era

20th Century Trends

suburbanization, immigration from latin america and asia, shift to sun belt states from northern cities

Automobile Era

1890-1940, bus transit introduced 1905, streetcars (1950), jitney services competed with streetcars. The autocity encourages suburban growth, construction of houses, roads, shopping, parking spaces

Freeway Era

1916 road act gave money to the states, 1956 construction act led to radials, beltways and sprawl

Origin and Destination Survey

1944, done by the bureau of public roads which used interview sampling and demographic characteristics to make travel projections

Housing act of 1951

funded and required regional and urban planning

1960 Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS)

first comprehensive transportation study for a single region and a model for other regions

Mass Transit

1970s, funding increased due to gas shortages and dissatisfaction with automobile based solutions

Traffic management

Increased emphasis and shift from building to management solutions and efficiency such as HOV lanes

Impact of Freeways

Catalyst for suburbanization since it allowed easier access to longer distances

vertical integration

a corporation buys or merges with its supplier or consumer

horizontal integration

a corporation buys its competitors

diagonal integration

I merge or buy a company that is not directly related to the main product I produce