FE exam studying

Relationship between pH and pOH

H + pOH = 14

pascal

newton/m^2

newton

kg•m/s2

degree of carbon

number of carbon atoms bonded to it

acute toxicity

adverse effect due to a single dose of a contaminant

chronic toxicity

adverse effects resulting from repeated doses of or long-term exposure to a substance

mutagenic

ability to induce mutations in genes or chromosomes of an organism

teratogenic

ability to develop defects in embyro

process of risk assessment

1. data collection and evaluation 2. toxicity assessment 3. exposure assessment 4. risk characterization or toxicity assessment 5. risk management

TLV

Threshold Limit Value

Frank effect

marks the point where maximum effects are observed with little increase in effect for increasing dosing

TLV-TWA

maximum time-weighted average concentration that all workers may be exposed to during an 8 hour day and 40 hour week. For inhalation route of exposure.

LD50

mg/kg body mass at which 50% of the test animals died

law of additive effects

applies only when the effects from the component gases and vapors occur within the same organs

reference dose

a metric for non-carcinogenic effects, and is the dose that a healthy person can be exposed to daily without adverse effects

internal dose

crosses one of the route barriers into the body

density

mass per volume

specific volume

volume per mass

specific weight

weight per unit volume

specific gravity

dimensionless ratio of a fluids density to a standard reference density. for solids and liquids the reference is pure water

absolute pressures

pressures measured with respect to atmospheric pressure

stress

force per unit area

viscosity

a fluids resistance to flow

hydrostatic pressure

pressure a fluid exerts on an immersed object or container walls

a stationary, incompressible fluid behaves according to the following characteristics

• function of vertical depth (and density) only

• pressure varies linearly with vertical depth

  • pressure is independent of an objects area and size and of the mass of water above the objectThese characteristics describe hydrostatic pressure.

    • pressure at a point has the same magnitude in every direction

surface energy

work done per unit area to create a new surface in the material

internal atoms

bonded to 6 other atoms so need to spend a lot of energy to break all the bonds

external atoms

compared to external who is bonded to 4 or 2 atoms

magnetically hard

retain magnetization well

magnetically soft

lose magnetization easily

bond length

distance between two nuclei at the point of minimum energy

covalent bond

sharing electrons

electronegativity

ability of an atom to attract shared electronspola

polarity

separation of chargespolar

polar covalent bond

covalent bond where two atoms have different electronegativities causing separation of chargesi

ionic bond

bond formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another (metal to nonmetal)ion

ionic compounds

crystalline, soluble in water, conduct electricityc

covalent compounds

softer solids, liquids, gases, not soluble in watermet

metallic bonds

group of metal atoms share a cloud of valence electrons (delocalize e-)

oxidation state

the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all valence electrons were transferred

type of reaction oxidation is

anode reaction

water pressure range for domestic water supply

40-80psig

ductility

allows a body to undergo plastic deformation before failure (fractures at large strains). Allows a material to be drawn longitudinally to a reduced section under tensile force

description of ductile material

high degree of plasticity and strength

post elastic strain >5%

ductile (examples, lead, plastic, mild steel, copper)

brittleness

property of a material, by which a material fails abruptly w/o undergoing plastic deformation. implies that it cannot be strung out.

wetted perimeter

length of the line tracing the interface between the fluid and channel

compressible fluid

density is not constant

incompressible fluid

density is constant

Pressure drop in orifice meter when there is no change in height (p1-p2)

rho(hg)*g*deltah

specific weight of a liquid (gamma)

density gravity (rho g)

Tau

shear stress (pa)

laminar flow

shear stress distribution is linear, low reynolds number

turbulent flow

high reynolds number

a submerged body will be stable if the center of buoyancy

is directly above the center of gravity

what change occurs in the energy grade line when an ideal fluid is replaced with water in a pipe system?

the EGl acquires a downward slope

Buoyant force equation

Fb=rho*area*g*h

circumference of a sphere

2*pi*R

high oxidation levels means

more susceptible to corrosion (atoms will lose electrons and form positive ions to make water)

daily per capita flow of water includes

all domestic, commercial, industrial, and public uses and is about (160-165 gpcd)

gpcd

gallons per capita day

when compared to extraction wells pumping at the same rate from the same function, what is the desired screen length for injection wells?

twice the extraction well screen length

purpose of adding gypsum to soil

increase concentration of calcium

soils with higher ph usually have

higher sodium adsorption ratio

optimized biological nitrification is between what pH

7.5 and 8

plants like what biological nitrification pH

7.0-7.2

thermodynamics

study of a substances energy related properties

saturated liquid

liquid that has absorbed as much heat energy as it can without vaporizing

subcooled liquid

liquid that is not saturated

saturated vapor

a vapor that is on the verge of condensing

enthalpy

total useful energy of a substance

entropy

measure of the energy that is no longer available to perform useful work within the current environment

What conditions are the smallest deviations from the ideal gas law?

high temps and low pressures. This is because the distance between the molecules is large so the interactions are minimal

Entropy, S

energy that is no longer available to perform useful work

enthalpy, h

total useful energy of a substance

internal energy, u

a measure of translational, rotational, and vibrational kinetic energies of molecules

what happens when a liquid’s vapor pressure = surrounding pressure?

the liquid boils

pure substance

properties are uniform throughoutcr

critical temperature

properties of gas can’t be distinguished from liquids. liquids cant exist beyond this temperature

isentropic

entropy is constant, no energy crosses system boundaries, reversible

heat flow, Q, equals to

specific enthalpy (h)

adiabatic

no energy crosses the system boundary, includes isentropic and throttling processes

throttling process

adiabatic process where there is no change in enthalpy, significant pressure drop

isobaric process

constant pressure process

isothermal process

constant temperature processing

isochoric or isometric process

constant volume process

Heat, Q in thermo

positive if heat flows into system

W, work in thermo done on system is negative or positive?

positive if does work on surroundings

Changes in enthalpy (H), entropy (s), and internal energy (U)

positive of increased within system

in thermodynamics, if the flow is steady then

mass-flow terms are equal

C

specific heat

Cp

change in enthalpy/change in temperature

ideal rankine cycle

two constant pressure and two isentropic processes

second law of thermodynamics

natural tendency of any isolated system to degenerate into a more disordered state, energy is transferred or transformed

area in the carnot cycle diagram

heat

water level of a well drilled into an artesian acquifer

above the level of the top of the water in the aquifer

point where soil becomes saturated with water

water volume/void volume = 1

CaCo3 Equivalents

Cas substance = (EW CaCO3) / EWsubstance

hardness

calcium + magnesium (as equivalents of CaCO3), polyvalent metallic cations

recarbonation after softening is to

lower its pH and reduce scale forming potential