English -- Final Exam

Alliteration

Alliteration

The repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of words.

Allusion

A direct or indirect reference to a commonly known thing, such as a book, event, or person.

Analogy

A comparison of two unlike things to often clarify or explain an idea.

Apostrophe

Speaking to a person or thing that is absent, dead, inanimate, or non-human.

Assonance

The repetition of vowel signs or the rhyming of one word in the accented vowel.

Connotation

The non-literal, associative meaning of a word.

Denotation

The strict dictionary definition of a word.

End Rhyme

The sound at the end of a line repeating through other lines.

Foreshadowing

The act of presenting materials that hint at events later in the story.

Hyperbole

A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to convey a point.

Idiom

A figure of speech that can’t be understood by the definition of each of its parts.

Imagery

The sensory details, focusing on the five senses, used to form a description of a thing.

Dramatic Irony

The audience is revealed something the characters do not know.

Verbal Irony

Saying one thing to imply the other.

Metaphor

A comparison between two unlike things without using like or as.

Meter

The count of poetic feet, two syllables, in a line.

Metonymy

The name of one object is substituted for another word closely related to it.

Onomatopoeia

A word made up around a noise.

Oxymoron

Two contradictory words being used together in a statement.

Paradox

A contradictory statement that often has some underlying truth to it.

Personification

The giving of an inanimate or nonhuman thing human qualities or abilities.

Rhyme Scheme

The arrangement of end rhymes in a poem.

Scansion

The analysis of lines of poetry to determine their metrical pattern.

Simile

A comparison of two unlike things using like or as.

Sonnet

A poem in iambic pentameter with 14 lines, often in AB AB CD CD EF EF GH.

Stanza

A group of lines in a poem.

Symbolism

The use of a noun or thing to represent something else.

Synechdoche

A part of something is used to represent the whole.

Verse

Language arranged in stanzas.

Fragments

An incomplete portion of a sentence, missing a subject, verb, or complete thought.

Modal Verbs

Helping verbs that express necessity or possibility.

Run-On Sentence

Two independent clauses joined improperly without a coordinating conjunction and comma, semicolon, or period.

Comma Splice

A run-on sentence that has a comma improperly set in between two independent clauses.

Reflexive Pronouns

Pronouns that refer back to the subject of a sentence.

Helping Verbs

Verbs that are used before another verb to convey the ability, time, necessity, or possibility of something occurring.

Linking Verbs

Verbs that are used to describe the state of a subject, such as to be or to look.

Declarative Sentence

A sentence stating a true fact or complete idea.

Interrogative Sentence

A question.

Imperative Sentences

A command.

Prepositions of Time

Connecting words that describe the time of an occurrence.

Subject

The main noun of a sentence doing an action.

Direct Object

The direct recipient of a verb.

Indirect Object

The recipient of the direct object of the verb.

Prepositions of Neither Time Nor Space

Connecting words that do not describe time or place but convey possession or togetherness.

Phrase

The component of a sentence that does not have a subject or predicate.

Clauses

A statement that has a subject and predicate but may have a subordinating conjunction, making it dependent.

Active Voice

The subject is doing the action to something else.

Passive Voice

The subject is being acted upon something else.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Conjunctions that are used in front of dependent clauses, such as because, although, and until.

Simple Sentences

A sentence consisting of an independent clause with a subject and predicate.

Compound Sentences

A sentence consisting of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction and a comma.

Complex Sentences

An independent clause joined to a dependent clause.

Compound-Complex Sentence

A sentence consisting of two independent clauses and a dependent clause.

Commas in Sentences

A comma must be between two independent clauses and between a dependent clause followed by an independent clause.

Introductory Elements

Phrases that introduce a sentence that are followed by a comma, such as usually or sometimes.

Appositives

Extra information added to a noun or noun phrase to describe it, may be restrictive or non-restrictive.

Simple Aspect

The most basic form of a tense, including past simple, present simple, and future simple.

Progressive Aspect

A tense that shows an action is ongoing, usually shown by the use of a gerund and the verb to be.

Perfect Aspect

A tense that shows an action was just completed. Uses a form of the verb to have and a past participle.

Perfect-Progressive Aspect

A tense that shows the continuation of an action from the past. Uses a form of the verb to have, the word “been”, and a gerund.

Adjectives and Commas

Follow the rule of DOSASCOMp and must be separated by commas when they are in the same group.

DOSASCOMP

Determiner, Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose