Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

superior

toward the head

inferior

away from the head

anterior / ventral

to the front

posterior / dorsal

to the back

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

close to the origin

distal

far from the origin

superficial

toward the body surface

deep

away from the body surface

saggital

divides left and right body sections

frontal / coronal

divides anterior and posterior sections

transverse

divides superior and inferior sections

vertebral cavity

spinal cord

cranial cavity

brain

thoracic cavity

heart and lungs

superior mediastinum

top of sternum

pleural cavities

lungs

pericardial cavity

bottom of sternum

diaphragm

lining of cavities

abdominal cavity

digestive viscera

pelvic cavity

urinary bladdar, reproductive organs, rectum

abdominopelvic cavity

contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities

dorsal body cavity

bony and membrane layers

what are the 7 necessary life functions?

maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction

homeostasis

ability to maintain a stable, consistent internal environment

effector

response

receptor

temperature sensitive cells in skin and brain

control center

thermoregulatory center in brain

negative feedback

causes change in opposite direction of stimulus

positive feedback

response enhances original stimulus, goes on until stimulus is removed

inorganic compounds

lack carbon, small molecules

organic compounds

contain carbon, large covalently bonded molecules

dehydration synthesis

removing water to connect 2 molecules

hydrolysis

adding water to remove into 2 molecules

monosaccharides

single sugars

disaccharides

two sugars

polysaccharides

ten or more sugars

triglycerides

glycerol + 3 fatty acids, energy and insulation

phospholipids

cell membrane

steroids

cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

proteins

polymers of amino acids

primary structure

sequence of aa’s

secondary structure

alpha helix / beta pleated

tertiary structure

folding itself and bonding

quaternary structure

2 or more polypeptides joined

fibrous protein

structural

globular protein

functional

nucleic acids

base, sugar, phosphate

DNA

double stranded

RNA

single stranded

erythrocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial cells

connect body parts, form linings, or transport organs

skeletal and smooth muscle cells

move organs and body parts

fat cell

stored nutrients

macrophage

fights disease

nerve cell

gathering information and control’s body functions

sperm

reproduction

cell structure

phospholipid bilayer with transmembrane proteins and glycoproteins

diffusion

passive movement of particles along their concentration gradient

facilitated transport

passive movement of polar or larger particles along their concentration/ electrochemical gradient, assisted by carrier and channel proteins

active transport

active movement of particles against the concentration gradient and requires ATP

osmosis

diffusion of water across membrane from where water is higher concentration to lower concentration

hypotonic

water moves to cell then cell bursts

isotonic

water moves in and out of cell at same time

hypertonic

water moves out of cell then cell shrivels

nuclear envelope

protective membrane around nucleus

chromatin

stored DNA

nucleolus

active RNA synthesis for export from nucleus

pore

hole in nuclear envelope for RNA to exit

ribosomes

protein synthesis

Rough ER

processes proteins for export out of the cell

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids, breaks down stored glycogen and calcium in liver

golgi apparatus

receive ER products for final modification, packages vesicles for export or lysosomal action

lysosomes/peroxisomes

removal of old or damaged proteins, lipids, organelles

mitochondria

release ATP from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

microfilaments

cell mobility and cell shape

intermediate filaments

help form cell-cell junction

microtubules

movement of organelles and cell division

G1 phase

grown and regular cellular operation

S phase

DNA synthesis

G2 phase

growth and final preparations, chromosomes have 2 chromatin

interphase

growth and DNA replication

mitotic phase

cell division

transcription

DNA transcribed to RNA then leaves nucleus

translation

mRNA translated through ribosome. tRNA brings amino acids that match codon