absolute monarchy
an authoritarian governing system with a hereditary ruler
aristocracy
a high-ranking social class with special privileges
autonomy
freedom and independence; self-governance
bourgeoisie
the middle class
capitalism
an economic system with privately owned means of production
citizen
a person belonging to a political and geographic entity
conservative
a person who favors tradition and opposes rapid change
constitution
the set of basic laws and principles by which a nation is governed
democracy
a form of government where power rests with the people
the Enlightenment
an eighteenth-century philosophical movement emphasizing reason
ethnic nationalism
nationalism based on shared heritage and ancestry
ideology
the beliefs and aims of a particular group or institution
independence
freedom from outside control
liberal
one who believes in progressive political philosophy
nation
a group of people with a common history, language, and culture
nation-state
a modern autonomous nation as a unit of political organization
nationalism
concern for one's own nation and desire for progress or independence
patriarchal
relating to a social system with a ruling father
popular sovereignty
the doctrine that a state is subject to the will of the people
radical
one who advocates extreme social and political changes
republic
a state where political power is exercised by elected representatives
revolution
a massive upheaval in ideas or ways of doing something
Scientific Revolution
a period of significant change due to scientific discoveries
sovereignty
the power of self-government and independence
tax
a sum of money levied by government for its services