2340 midterm 1

Quran

Revelation given to Muhammad (pbuh) in 610 AD

How many surahs in the Quran

114

How many Meccan surahs

80

How many Median surahs

22

How many either Meccan or Medinan surahs

12

What are ayas

Verses

Early Meccan surahs were…

Poetic and brief

Later Meccan surahs focused on…

Prophetic history

Medinan surahs were…

Lengthy prose focused on law

Mecca description before Islam

Commercial and religious center

What two empires was Arabia between before Islam

Byzantine

Sasanian/Persian

Religion of byzantine empire

Greek Orthodox

Other Christian sects

Religion of sasanian/Persian empire

Zoroastrianism

Hijra

Emigration from Mecca to Medina/Yathrib in 622 AD

Marks the beginning of the Islamic lunar calendar

Sunnah

Precedent set by Muhammad (pbuh)

Five pillars of Islam

Testimony/Shahada

Prayer/Salah

Fasting/Sawm

Alms/Zakah

Pilgrimage/Hajj

Sharia

Way to live life according to God

Fiqh

Islamic jurisprudence (law) developed by scholars

4 sources of Islamic law (order of importance)

Quran

Hadith

Qiyas/Analogy

Ijma’/Consensus

Hadith

Narrations of companions of Muhammad (pbuh)

4 sunni schools of law (in chronological order)

Hanafi

Maliki

Shafii

Hanbali

1 shii school

Jafari

T/F Islam was strengthened when Muhammad (pbuh) died

False

Ibn battuta

Born in 1304

Died in 1369

Travelled across Africa, Middle East, and Asia

Golden age of Islam (centuries)

8th to 14th centuries

Caliphate

Islamic leader

Two different views on caliphate selection in 632

Family member of prophet

Shura (consultation) among elders

Rightly Guided Caliphs (4 in order)

Abu Bakr

Umar

Uthman

Ali

Reason for Sunni/Shia split

Sunnis elected Abu Bakr to be first caliph, Shias wanted Ali since he was a relative of Muhammad (pbuh)

Umayyad Empire

661-750

“Arab Kingdom”

Expanded to Spain, Central Asia

Abbasid EMPIRE

750-945

Cosmopolitan society

Absorbed other cultures

T/F the abbasid EMPIRE was very open and democratic in selecting its rulers

False

How were Abbasid EMPIRE caliphs chosen

Dynastic rule

The Mihna (833-848)

Al-ma’mun declares mu’tazilite theology as official

Clarified relationship between religious and political authority

Al-Andalus

711

Iberian Peninsula

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) d. 1198

Traditional judge

Argued for harmony of philosophy and religion

Loved Aristotle

Maimonides (d. 1204)

Born in Cordoba

Died in Egypt

That's about it

Reconquista

790-1499

Catholics take control of Iberian Peninsula

What happened in 1492

Fall of Granada

What was the end of the Abbasid EMPIRE

Capture of Baghdad by Buyids

945

Buyid State centuries

10th-11th

Fatimid Caliphate centuries

10th-12th

Saljuk Empire centuries

11th-12th (1040-1100)

Mamluk Sultanate centuries

13th-16th

Marinid Empire centuries

13th-15th

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Born in Uzbekistan

Philosopher, scientist, physician

Influential in Europe in philosophy, medicine

Served Buyids

Shajar al-Durr

First sultan of Mamluk Sultanate

Were Fatimids Sunni or Shia

Shia

Fall of Baghdad

1258

Mongols invaded

End of Abbasid CALIPHATE

Mongols

Central Asian invaders

Sufism

Islamic Mysticism

Islamic Mysticism means

Path to God through love

Rabia al’Adawiyya

Distinguished female Sufi and saint

Early Sufism

Sufi mystics were outcast and treated poorly

Ascetic: denied material pleasures

Late sufism

After 1100 AD

Shift from ascetic to ecstatic

Al-Ghazali created more tolerance for Sufism in orthodoxy

Rumi

Most famous Sufi poet

When did sufism lose its popularity (modern)

Late 19th century

What areas were the core of trade before 14th century (3)

China

India

Arabia

Indian Ocean trade

Larger than silk road

Transfer of bulk goods

Who stopped the mongols in 1260

Mamluks

Consequences of black plague (3)

Decline of world systems

Social breakdown

New políticas formations

New Islamic empires in 16th century (3)

Ottomans

Safavids

Mughals

Safavids centuries

16th to 18th

Safavid language

Persian

Turkish

Mughals centuries

16th to 19th

Where were Safavids

Modern day Iran, Iraq

Where were mughals located

Indian subcontinent

Ibn Khaldun

1332-1406

Tunisian philosopher and historian

T/F mughals were tolerant of other religions

True

Convivencia

8th century - 1492

Coexistence of different religions in Spain under Muslim rule

Convivencia = Coexistence

Bayt al Hikmah

House of Wisdom

Grand library of Baghdad