Africana Studies Exam 2

Racial structure

A racialized social system granting systemic privileges to whites over non-Europeans.

Racial ideology

Frameworks used to justify or challenge the racial status quo.

Racial stereotypes

Preconceived beliefs about characteristics of racial groups.

Racial narratives and interpretations

Stories that give meaning to racialized interactions.

Racialized emotions

Positive or negative feelings tied to racial groups.

Race (and gender) is socially constructed

but it has a social reality

Racial frame

this "interpretive toolkit" can be employed to legitimize and perpetuate systems of power, particularly through the hegemonic racial frame, but it can also be used by marginalized groups to challenge dominant narratives through "counter-racial frames".

Internalization of negative ideas

Self-doubt and inferiority, Colorism, Assimilation

Self-doubt and inferiority

People of color may absorb the racist beliefs that portray their group as inferior, impacting their self-esteem and sense of worthiness.

Colorism

a hierarchy within communities of color where lighter skin tones and more Eurocentric features are valued over darker skin and Afrocentric or Indigenous features.

Assimilation

to "fit in" and be accepted by the dominant culture

Discrimination and Unequal outcomes

Systematic barriers, Hostile interpersonal encounters, Discriminatory stereotypes

Systematic Barriers

The frame rationalizes and perpetuates "systemic" racism in institutions like schools, housing, and the justice system. The result is mass incarceration, underfunded schools in minority neighborhoods, predatory lending practices, and other systemic barriers to opportunity for people of color.

Hostile interpersonal encounters

the frame's stereotypes can fuel microaggressions, racial profiling, and other interpersonal experiences of racism. This causes stress, fear, and frustration for people of color

Discriminatory stereotypes

The frame provides the mental scripts for stereotypes that portray people of color in negative and dehumanizing ways. These narratives shape perceptions in media, the workplace, and other social settings, limiting opportunities and creating hostile environments

Levels of operation of the Dominant (White) Racial Frame

Micro level, Meso-societal level, Macro Level

Micro Level

Individual actions and behaviors. (discriminatory habits)

Meso-societal level

Family, small groups, social networks. (within family and other small group settings)

Macro level

Institutional structures (within legal, political, and economic institutions of society.)

Four Categories of Frames in Everyday Operation

Dominant white racial frame, Liberty-and-justice frame, Strong anti-oppression counter-frames , Home-culture counter-frames

Counter-Framing by other Racial/Ethnic Groups

Native American, Asian American counter-framing, Latino American counter-framing

Multi-framers

Most Americans of color are multi-framers

Dominant White racial frame

Positive Orientation toward whiteness, Negative orientation toward racial "others"

What is the liberty-and-justice frame?

A perspective that emphasizes the importance of liberty and justice for all individuals.

Which groups have historically worked to end oppression in the form of slavery?

Puritan Dissenters and Quakers.

Who was John Brown?

An abolitionist who led an uprising against slavery.

What forms of oppression have been addressed by those who take the liberty-and-justice frame seriously?

Slavery, Jim Crow laws, and contemporary discrimination.

Strong anti-oppression counter-frames of Americans of color

Revolts and insurrections against slavery, Abolitionist fight, Civil Rights movement, Afrocentricity.

The home-culture counter frames of Americans of color

Everyday values and understandings taught in family/community settings.

Black Home Culture Frame

Family settings and Community settings are important sites of contra-frames.

Examples of Black Home Culture Frame

Homeschooling

Examples of Black Home Culture Frame

giving children nontraditional first names

Examples of Black Home Culture Frame

the importance of black community settings such as Churches, the beauty shops, barber shops and taverns

Native Americans and counter-framing

the longest tradition of countering Euro-descendant oppression and Eurocentric racial framing that view them as uncivilized.

Examples of Native Americans and counter-framing

Resistance movements against European conquest an colonization.

Examples of Native Americans and counter-framing #2

Civil Rights connection.

Examples of Native Americans and counter framing #3

Forming native American organizations to expand education, protect tradition, and challenge racist stereotypes.

Examples of Native Americans and counter framing #4

Calling out Broken Promises.

Asian Americans and Counter-Framing

often caught between model minority praise and perpetual foreigner suspicion.

Examples of Asian Americans and counter framing

Cultural pride and heritage

Examples of Asian Americans and counter framing

Political activism (1960s to today)

Examples of Asian Americans and counter framing

Narrative reclamation (literature and media challenging stereotypes)

What do some activists do regarding white racism and anti-Latino racism? (Latino American Counter frraming)

Some activists openly call out white racism and anti-Latino racism.

What strategy do some individuals use to avoid discrimination? (Latino American counter framing)

Some try to 'fit in' to the white stereotypes.

What negative effect do some Latin American immigrants face in US society? (Latino American counter framing)

Being identified as 'not white' has negative effects.

Home- Culture Frame within Latino Americans

Many Latin-Americans strongly keep their home culture frames and family values. For example, food, language, religion, and music.