AQA GCSE History - 'big quiz' - Paper 1: Health and the People

1. Name six factors that have affected the history of medicine.

War, Chance, Role of Individuals, Science and Technology, Communication, Religion

2. Which Ancient Greek developed the theory of clinical observation?

Hippocrates

3. Which Ancient Roman developed the theory of the opposites (based on the Four Humours)?

Galen

4. What were the four humours?

Blood, Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm - four liquids that were thought to control human health

5. Galen's work was rediscovered in around AD900 in Salerno, Italy after it was copied from Arabic sources. But, why did the Catholic Church support Galen's ideas?

He wrote that the complexity of the human body was proof of a single divine creator, i.e. God.

6. Name three ways in which Islamic medicine was better than early medieval European medicine.

Hospitals, cleanliness, anaesthetics - opium

7. Name three things that people thought caused disease in the Middle Ages.

Humours, miasma, movement of stars and planets, God

8. Name 4 types of people who would treat the sick in the Middle Ages.

Barber surgeon, apothecary, wise woman, monks and nuns

9. Name three medieval cures for disease.

Blood-letting, purging, prayer, potions and poultices

10. Why is Roger Bacon proof that religion was the most important factor in medicine in the Middle Ages?

He was imprisoned by the Church for questioning the teachings of Galen

11. What was banned by the Catholic Church, leading to strange ideas about human anatomy?

Dissection

12. Why does John Arderne prove that doctors could criticise Galen, if they had powerful support?

Arderne also criticised Galen but was protected by his patron, John of Gaunt, who was the son of King Edward III

13. Why does John Arderne prove that there hadn't been any major breakthroughs in surgery until the discovery of anaesthetics in the 19th century?

The survival rate for Arderne's surgery in the 14th century was the same as it was in the 18th century

14. Name three similarities and three differences between the Black Death and the Great Plague.

Similarities: Beliefs about causes of disease - miasma, God; attempts to quarrantine; similar treatments - bursting buboes, etc.; poor sanitation; dirty streets; wealthy retreated to the countryside to avoid plague; 1/3rd of infected died. Differences: less belief in supernatural causes during the Great Plague - greater emphasis on miasma; burning of salt-peter in the streets to clear miasma during GP; killing cats and dogs; better quarrantine during GP; better recording of spread of plague during GP.

15. What is miasma and when was it disproven as a theory for cause of disease?

The belief that disease was caused by 'foul air'. It was often believed that miasma was air that escaped up through fissures in the earth from Hell. It wasn't disproven until germ theory was proved in 1861, and even then, it took a long time for people to change their beliefs.

16. When were the Middle Ages?

Roughly c1000AD-1500AD

17. When was the Renaissance (aka Early Modern Period)?

Roughly c 1500AD-1800AD

18. Why did the printing press end the grip of the Catholic Church on medicine?

From the 1450s

19. Who developed the printing press in England?

William Caxton

20. What proof is there for the view that religion was losing its influence over medicine during the Renaissance?

Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey publised medical books in which they criticised Galen's teachings.

21. How did Vesalius prove Galen wrong?

He dissected humans and showed, for example, that the jaw bone was one bone, not two.

22. Why is Ambroise Pare a good example of how chance has been important in the history of medicine?

It was pure chance that he ran out of wound dressing and so tried out a different, turpentine-based solution.

23. Why is Ambroise Pare a good example of how war has been important in the history of medicine?

Pare was a battlefield surgeon - his discoveries were made through trial and error on the battlefield.

24. Why is William Harvey a good example of how individuals can make discoveries that are important, but don't improve medicine?

Harvey proved Galen wrong by showing that the hear was a pump, that sent blood flowing around the body. However, this knowledge didn't lead to major imrovements in the treatment of disease, or in surgery.

25. Which Renaissance English doctor believed that different diseases had different characteristics, so should have different cures?

Thomas Sydenham - known as 'the English Hippocrates' because of his belief in clinical observation.

26. Why does John Hunter show that attitudes towards dissection were slow to change, even after the reformation?

He was heavily criticised for his dissections.

27. What does the creation of the Royal Society in the 1600s show about the role of government in the development of medicine?

The government can play an important role as a patron fro new developments in medicine.

28. Why is it hard to argue that medicine massively improved during the renaissance?

Although many scientists had made progress by proving Galen wrong, they still didn't fully understand what caused disease and infection.

29. Why is Edward Jenner an example of how chance has been important in the history of medicine?

It was chance that he had a conversation with a milk maid about her immunity to smallpox because she'd had cowpox.

30. Why do attitudes towards vaccination support the idea that people were cautious of breakthroughs in medicine?

Many people were worried that vaccination with a cow disease was unnatural, and so they argued against giving people Jenner's smallpox vaccination.

31. Why is Jenner an example of how government can play an important role in prevention of disease?

The British government gave Jenner over £30,000 t support his effrts to vaccinate people.

32. What do the treatments of the Great Plague tell you about how far understanding about causes of disease had come by 1665?

They were very similar to many of the treatments used during the Black Death, 300 years before, showing that medicine hadn't improved massively.

33. Who developed the first safe anaesthetic?

James Simpson was first to develop the safe use of chloroform.

34. Why did Queen Victoria play an important role in the acceptance of anaesthetics?

Her 8th child, Prince Leopold, was born under anaesthetic. If it was good enough for the Queen, it was good enough for the people.

35. Why did some surgeons oppose the use of anaesthetics?

Some believed that it was natural to feel pain durin surgery or childbirth, others so long operating on anaesthetised patients that death rates from operations went up. Infections also worsened because surgeons spent longer operating with unwashed hands and instruments on patients.

36. When did Louis Pasteur publish his 'Germ Theory' about the causes of disease?

1861

37. What type of jar did Pasteur use to prove his theory?

A swan neck jar

38. Why is Louis Pasteur a good example of the importance of science and technology in the history of medicine?

He developed a new type of jar, in order to scientifically prove his hypothesis about the cause of disease

39. How does the competition between France and Germany in the 19th century support the idea that government plays in important role in the development of medicine?

Both countries gave grants to scientists, like Koch and Pasteur, to develop new treatments for disease. The hope was for one to gain the upper hand. This became even more important when they went to war in 1870.

40. How did Robert Koch improve treatment of disease?

He developed methods for identifying which bacteria caused which disease. This helped scientists to diagnose and treat patients, and develop new vaccines for diseases.

41. Why is Florence Nightingale a good example of how war has been important in the history of medicine?

She developed her ideas about cleanliness in hospitals and rules around the nursing profession while working in a ield hospital during the Crimean war.

42. Which instrument was invented by Joseph Lister to help prevent infection during and after surgery?

The carbolic acid spray

43. Why were some surgeons reluctant to use Lister's invention?

The spray often blistered and burnt their hands

44. Why did one of Koch's discoveries lead to the use of aseptic (sterile) surgical environments?

He developed a method for steam-cleaning surgical equipment

45. How did John Snow end the cholera outbreak in London in 1854?

He took the handle off the Broad Street pump

46. What proof is there that the government had a laissez-faire attitude to treatment and prevention of disease at the beginning of the 19th century?

They were reluctant to make laws to improve public health, during the 'Great Stink' they simply covered up the putrid smell of the Thames by coating the curtains of the Houses of Parliament in chloride of lime

47. Who built the London sewer system in the 1860s?

Jospeh Bazelgette

48. What proof is that the laissez-faire attitude of the government attitude had changed by 1914?

The government introduced a series of reforms in the early 1900s - Free School Meals, pensions, national insurance - all aimed at improving the health of the population

49. Name three reasons why the laissez-faire attitude changed.

When working-class men got the vote in 1867 - the government needed to improve their lives to win their votes; during the Boer War in the early 1900s the government discovered that ordinary Britons were very unhealthy as a result of disease, public health and living conditions - this led to fears about Britain's prospects in any future war; as other countries caught up with Britain's industrial development, it became even more important to have a healthy work force to work in the factories

50. Name three laws brought in by the Liberal Government to help deal with disease and poor health.

Free School Meals; Pensions Act; National Insurance Act; Children's Act

51. Why is WW1 an example of how war can improve science and technology used in medicine?

Scientists developed x-rays, specifically to help find pieces of shrapnel lodged in the body, and blood-transfusions to help soldiers wounded by shrapnel, grenades and bullets.

52. How does Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin support the view that communication plays an important role in treatment of disease?

Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 - he wrote up his findings and published these in a medical journal. These were then later rediscovered by Florey and Chain during the attempts to improve medical techniques to help Britian defeat the Nazis. Had Fleming not published his research, it would have been lost.

53. How did WW2 lead to the mass manufacture of penicillin?

In order to keep more soldiers fit and fighting, the US government gave huge amounts of money to the team developing penicillin for its mass manufacture.

54. Name three ways in which the government improved the health of the people after the Second World War.

NHS; clean air acts; clean water

55. Why were some doctors opposed to the NHS?

They were better off working privately

56. Name three major problems faced by government today, when dealing with the health of the people.

Anti-biotic resistance; cost of treatments and medicines; ageing population

57. Which factor was most important in the development of medicine in the middle ages?

Religion - the Catholic Church

58. Which factor was most important in the development of medicine in the Renaissance/Early Modern era?

Individuals - Vesalius / Science and tech - the printing press

59. Which factor was most important in the development of medicine in the 19th century?

Individuals - Simpson, Snow, Lister, Jenner

60. Which factor played a huge role in the development of medicine in the first half of the 20th century?

War

61. Which factor has been most important in the development of medicine since the Second World War?

Government

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