AP HUG Unit 3

Habit

A repetitive act that an individual performs without thinking about it

Custom

A repetitive act of a group, preformed to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group

Traditional culture/Folk Culture

Practiced primarily by small, homogenous groups living in isolated, rural areas (Folk Culture)

Popular Culture 

Practiced by heterogeneous societies (Diverse) 

Hearth 

Place of origin 

How does folk culture and popular culture spread? 

Folk culture diffuses through relocation diffusion, Popular culture diffuses through hierarchical diffusion 

Terrior 

Grounded and sense of place from French, meaning the soil and ground/geography of a location

Food Taboo

Food that is restricted in different cultures by religious law or social customs. 

Ex: Hindus don’t eat meat, Jews and Muslims don’t eat pork

Assimilation

A process of giving up traditions such as food/clothing preferences and adoption of the social customs of the dominant culture of the place

Acculturation

A process of adjustment to the dominant culture while retaining features of folk culture 

Ex: Amish 

Uniform landscape

The spatial expression of popular custom in one location to another

Ex: The spread of McDonalds around the US, serves the same Big Mac throughout the entire country 

Language

A system of communication through speech and a collection of sound. Can tell who took over where. 

Ex: Haiti speaks French 

Institutional Language

Used in education, work, mass media and government 

Official Language

Designated by country used by the government for laws, reports and documents.

Ex: Canada has two official languages. The US does not have an official language even though 28 states have made their official language English

FBGLD (Ex: English)

• Family: Indo European

• Branch: Germanic 

• Group: West Germanic 

• Language: English 

• Dialect: British or American English 

What are the two largest language groups?

Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin)

What area has the most languages?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Lingua Franca

A language of international communication such as English 

Logograms

Symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words 

Ex: Chinese symbols 

Dialect

A regional variation of a language distinguished distinctive vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation 

Standard Language

A dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education and mass communication 

Received Pronunciation (RP)

US West Coast Dialect commonly used by politicians, broadcasters and actors 

Isogloss 

Words that are not used nationally has some geographic extent. 

Ex: Cola, RC, Pop, Soda, Coke 

Creole 

Language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated 

Four Largest Religons

1. Christianity 

2. Islam 

3. Hindu 

4. Buddhism 

Folk Religions

Chinese Traditional

Indigenous 

African Traditional 

Other Religions

Judaism

Sikhism 

Spiritism 

Unaffiliated

Atheism: Don’t believe in the existence of God 

Agnostic: Nothing to prove that God’s real 

Universalizing Religon

Attempt to be global - to appeal to all people, not just one culture or location

Ethnic Religions

Appeal to primarily to one group of people living in one place 

Congregation

Local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship 

Denomination

Unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body 

Branch

Large and fundamental division within a religon

Syncretic

Religion combines several traditions

Ex: Chinese traditional religions 

Animism 

Inanimate objects such as plants and stones or natural events are animated and have discrete spirits and conscious life 

What are the five pillars of faith?

1. Only one God 

2. Prayer five times a day 

3. Generosity and giving 

4. Fasting 

5. Pilgrimage to Makkah

Who was Muhammad’s successor?

The Sunni branch

Where was Buddha’s birthplace?

Lumbini, Nepal

What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism

1. All living beings must endure suffering 

2. Suffering leads to reincarnation 

3. Goal of all existence is to escape suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation into Nirvana  

What is hierarchical and contagious diffusion?

Hierarchical diffusion: A key figure spreads

Ex: Catholic Chruch 

Contagious diffusion: the rapid and widespread spread of an idea, innovation, or cultural trend throughout a population through direct person-to-person contact. 

Ex: Christianity 

Sequent Occupants 

Someone was in a place before and occupies it. Then someone else comes and occupies/changes the same area

Why does Jews, Christians and Muslims call Jerusalem the promise land? 

Judaism claims the territory and call it the promise land. The Romans take control of that area and call it Palestine 

Christians consider Palestine the Holy Land and Jerusalem the holiest city. Most inhabitants of Palestine accepted Christianity after the religon was officially adopted.

Islam became the most widely practiced religon in Palestine after the muslim army conquered it. Muhammad was ascended to heaven

1948-1949 Independence War 

5 Arab states begin war against Israel 

Israel wins Syria, Gaza Strip, and blows 5 Arab countries away 

• Arabs backed by the Soviet Union

• Israel backed by United States 

• War part of Cold War 

• Arab states learn that Israelis are committed to keeping homeland 

1956 Suez War 

• Egypt takes control of Suez canal, Europe and Israel can’t use it 

• Israel, France, Great Britain, and Germany declare war against Egypt backed by Russia 

• Israeli kind of wins, waterways reopen but Egypt remains in control of Suez 

1967 Six Day War

Arab states moving an impossible three-front war to Israel 

Israel surprise attacks Arab states 

1. Entire Sinai Peninsula taken over by Israel 

2. Israel takes Syrian Golan Heights 

3. Israel takes Gaza strip 

Arabs mad because Arab Palestine’s don’t have a homeland 

1973 Yom Kippur War

• Anwar Sadat attack Jews on the holiest Jewish day, Yom Kippur 

• Egypt throws millions into war, don’t end up winning 

• Boudries don’t change 

• Anwar and Jewish leader called in by Jimmy Carter to reconcile 

• Egypt stands for peace with Israel until Anwar is assassinated 

Israeli Perspective

1. Israel is a small country and surrounded by Muslim and Palestine countries 

2. The land between the Mediterranean sea and Jordan river is divided into three physical regions 

Palestinian Perspective

5 groups consider themselves to be Palestinian

1. People living in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem

2. Some citizens of Israel who are Arabs

3. People who fled from Israel to other countries

4. People who fled from the West Bank or Gaza

5. Some citizens of other countries

½ want to bomb Israel

½ want of piece of land to create a Palestinian land (2 state solution)

Human Migration 

The permanent change of residents by an individual or group

Push vs. Pull Factors

Push: Negative

Pull: Positive

Economic Push Vs. Pull Factors

Push: High unemployment, high taxes, and less job opportunities 

Pull: Lower taxes, more job opportunities, and larger variety of different goods or services 

What is the number 1 reason why people migrate 

Economics 

Political Push vs. Pull Factors 

Push: More politiical corruption, lack of individial freedom, implement harsh government. 

Pull: Protect individual rights, give citizens political freedom, keep society stable 

Social Push vs. Pull Factors

Push: Discrimination

Pull: Freedoms 

Intervening Obstacles vs. Oppurtunites

Obstables: Negative hinder migration

Running out of money and taking temporary job 

Oppurtunities: Positive hinder migration 

Finds good job and decidies to take it 

Refugee

An individual who has been forced to leave their home country and has crossed an international border in order to escape war, persecution and natural disaster 

Asylum Seeker

An individual who is seeking international protection 

IDP 

Individual who has been forced to flee from their home in order to avoid the affects of armed conflict. DO NOT CROSS BORDERS

Transhumacne Migration

Migration that is cyclical and revolves around the seasonal movement of livestock

Intraregional vs. Interregional Migration

Intraregional: Migration that involves a permanent move within the same region 

Interregional: Migration that involves a permanent move from one region of a country to another region of the same country