Chapter 1 Apush

Giddes

"Clovis" people

established one of the first civilizations in the Americas. Developed new stone tools, spears, that migrating people used to kill large animals. Lived 13,000 years ago Mongolian migrants

"Archaic" Period

scholarly term for the history ot humans in America during a period, about 5000 years beginning around 8000 BCE

Corn

Most important farm crop.

Inca

Created the largest empire in the Americas. Began as a small tribe in the mountains in Cuzco

Pachacuti

Powerful leader of the Incas; his empire stretched over 2000 miles of western South America

Meso-Americans

another great civilization; 10,000 BCE

Olmec

First major Meso-American civilization, approximately 1000 BCE

Mayan

More sophisticated culture 800CE in parts of Central America; developed a written language and, numerical system; Accurate calendar, advanced agricultural system, and important trade routes

Mexica

Name that came to describe people of many different tribs; religion based on human sacrifice

Tenoentitlan

the greatest city ever created in the Americas; water supplies; residents created public school buildings (males), an organized military, and a medical system

Tribute

heavy tax paid in crops, cloth, or animals

Chaco Canyon

Consisted of stone and adobe terraced structures. These resembled the large apartment buildings of later years in size and design

Sedentary farming

Farming of corn and other grains

Woodland Native Americans

Had the greatest food resources of any region of the continent; lived in forests

Cahokia

A Major city that at its peak in 1200 CE had a population of about 10,000 and contained a great complex of large earthen mounds;The agricultural societies of the Northeast were more nomadic than other regions. Much of the land was less fertile than others because farming was newer and less established. Most groups combined farming with hunting.;Land was often cleared by setting forest fires to plant crops such as corn, beans, squash, and pumpkins.

Algonquian

The Largest language group that dominated the Atlantic seaboard from Canada to Virginia

Iroquois

Another important language group; Included at least five district Northern Nations;the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk;These districts had links as well with the Cherokees and the Tuscaroas farther south, in the Carolinas and Georgia

Muskogean

The third largest language group included the groups in the southernmost region of the Eastern Seaboard, the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles;The Americas did not think of themselves as members of a single civilization, so the Native American societies were fragile.;Before Europeans arrived, Native American societies experienced an agricultural revolution, which made their lifestyles more sedentary. This change led to the development of new food sources, clothing, and shelter, as well as population growth and complex social customs.

Pueblos

A Group that reserved farming tasks entirely for men.;Other groups, including the Algonquins, the Iroquois, and the Muskogees, women tended the fields, while men engaged in hunting, warfare, or clearing land; revolt

Leif Eriksson

An 11th-century Norse seaman, who demonstrated that Europeans were capable of crossing the ocean.

Norse

term given to the Vikings, who were the first to reach North America.

Black Death

a catastrophic epidemic of the bubonic plague that began in Constantinople in 1347; Killed more than a third of the people of the continent and debilitating its already-limited economy

Commerce

As trade increased, and as advances in navigation and shipbuilding made long-distance sea travel more feasible, interest in developing new markets, finding new products, and opening new trade routes rapidly increased.

Nation-states

Strong new monarchs built the nation states with national courts, national armies, and national tax systems

Marco Polo

Adventurer that had returned from Asia with goods like spices, fabrics, dyes and tales.;Kings and queens became more powerful and took control. They formed strong, united countries with their own governments, armies, and taxes. This helped their nations grow and start exploring new sea routes to Asia for trade.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Interest was not in finding a sea route to Asia, but in exploring the western coast of Africa; Dreamed of establing a Christian Empire there to aid in his country’s war against the Moors of Northern Africa; and he hoped to find new stores of Gold

Moors

Muslim people who lived in Northern Africa and at war with the Portgues

Bartholomeu Dias

After Henry’s death, in 1488 he rounded the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

In 1497-1498, he proceeded all the way around the cape to India

Pedro Cabal

In 1500, while on the next fleet to India he was blown westward off its southerly course and happened upon the coast of Brazil.

Brazil

Reached by Perdro Cabal and his crew by accident

Christopher Columbus

Born in Italy;Believed the world was smaller than it is;Believed that the Asian continent extended farth eastward than it actually does.';Believed that the Asian continent extended farth eastward than it actually does.;Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria (his ships); Columbus left Spain in August 1492 and sailed west into the Atantic on what he thought was a straight course for Japan. 10 weeks later landed in Bahamas. ;Columbus discovered many islands on his expeditions.;Althought he failed to sail around the northeastern coast of South America to the Indies, he returned to Spain believing that he had explored the Far East (believed that for the rest of his life).

Ferdinand of Aragon

Married Isabella of Castile, produced the strongest monarchy in Europe.

Isabella of Castile

Married Ferdinaand of Aragon, produced the strongest monarchy in Europe.

“Indians”

Actually the indigenous people, Columbus believed they were “____” because he thought they were from East Indies in the Pacific.

Hispaniola

Island Columbus discovered as he head into the Caribbean. He left a small and short lived colony there.

New World

North America, South America, and the Caribbean

Amerigo Vespucci

Florentine merchant, a member of a later Portuguese expedition to the New World who wrote a series of vivid descriptions of the lands he had visited and who recognized the Americas as new continents.

Renaissance

Columbus has been celebrated for centuries as the “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” and as a representative of the new, secular, scientific impuleses of Renaissance Europe.

Vasco de Balboa

Fought his way across the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. Became the first known European to gaze westward upon the great ocean that separated the Americas from China and the Indies.

Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese in the employ of Spanish, found the strait that now bears his name at the southern end of south America. Struggled throught the stromy narrows and into the ocean, then proceeded to the Philippines.

Papal decree

Official formal document issued by the Pope.

Hernando Cortes

In 1517, he led a smal military expendition of about 600 men into Mexico.; He eas a Spanish government offical in Cuba for 14 years and achieved a little success.; Heard stories of great treasures in Mexico, he decided to search for them; Met strong and resourceful resistance from the Aztecs and their powerful emperor, Montezuma; Unkowingly, him and his army had unleaned an assault on the Aztecs far more decastating than military attack, (exposed the Aztecs to smallpox)

Aztecs

Powerful Mexica people who established a empire in central Mexico ↑

Montezuma

Powerful emperor of the Aztecs

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors

Francisco Pizarro

Conquesered Peru (1532 - 1538) and revealed to Europeans the weather of the Oncas, opened the way for other advances into South America.

Hernando de Soto

Francisco Pizarro’s onetime deputy in a search for gold, silver, and jewels, lef several expeditions (1539 - 1541) throught Flordia west into the continent and became the first Europeam known to have crossed the Mississippi River.

Francisco Coronado

Traveled north from Mexico (1540- 1542) into what is now New MExico in a simlialy fruitless search for gold and jewels.;He helped open the Southwest of what is now the United States to Spanish settlement

Ordinances of Discovery

Third phase of Spanish laws the banned the most brutal military conquests.

Catholic mission

Catholicism should be the only relgion of the new territories

Garrisons

Protective military groups connected to the missions.

Presidios

Military bases;Grew up nearby to provide additional protection

St. Augustine

A Spanish fort established in 1561 at St. Augustine, Florida; Became the first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States;Served as a:

military outpost,

adminstative center for Franciscan missionaries

a head quaters for unsuccessful campaigns against the Native Americans →abandoned

Franciscan missionaries

goal was to convert Native Americans to Catholicism

Don Juan de Onate

In 1598, he traveled north from Mexico with a party of 500 men.;Claimed for Spain some of the lands of the Pueblo Indians that Coronado had passed throught over 50 years before. Gave Encomiendas to Spanish settlers

Encomiendas

Liscenses to exact labor and tribute from local Native Americans in specific areas.

Santa Fe

Founded by Spanish colonists in 1609

Apache

Threatened the Spanish and Pueblos A

Navajo

Threatened the Spanish and Pueblos N

Ranchos

Large estates, or ranches, that were established by the Spanish in the colonial period in North America

Pueblo Revolt

In 1680, the colony was nearly destroyed when the Pueblos rose in revolt. In The 1600s and 1670s the Spanish priest and the colonial government which was closely tied to Missionaries launched efforts to suppress child rituals that Europeans considered incompitable with Christianity

Pope

A Native American religious leader.; Led an uprising that killed hundreds of European settlers, catured Santa Fe, and drove the Spanish temporarily from the region.

Duties

To enforce the duties of protection against pirates, the government established rigid and restrictive regulations that required all trade with the colonies to go through a single Spanish port.

European diseases

European diseases were borught in trade to the Americas.; Illnesses like

influenza

measles

chicken pox

mumps

typhus

smallpox

Smallpox

A Disease that Europeans had over time developed at least partial immunity, but to which Native Americans were tragically vulnerable. Millions died

“Savages”

Uncivilized people who they considered not fully human (Indigenous people)

Maize

(corn) became an important staple among the settlers

Mestizos

people of mixed European (specifically Spanish) and Indigenous American ancestry

“Racial” hierarchy

Spanish at the top, Native Americans at the bottom, and multi-racial people in between.; Wealth and influence of the family came to define its place

Enslaved people

In some places, Native Americans were sold into slavery, where they were forced to work in the mines and on the plantations.

Guinea

A large region in West Africa below the Sahara Desert. Home to a wide variety of people and cultures.

Islam

The residents of Upper Guniena traded with the Mediterranean with ivory, gold, and enslaved people, and as a result converted to Islam.

Ghana

Kingdom farther north g

Mali

Kingdom farther north m

Timbuktu

A great city that became renowned as a trading center and a seat of education

Matrilineal

Means that people traced their heredity through, and inherited property from, their mothers rather than their fathers.

Sugarcane

The market for enslaved people grew dramatically as a result of the rising European demand for sugarcane.; A Portuguese labor-intensive crop

Madeira

Small areas of sugar cultivation in the Mediterranean were moved for production to this island off the African coast.

African slave trade

As demand increased, the European slave traders responded to that deman by increasing the enslavement of people from along the coast of West Africa.

Columbian Exchange

Describes the trade of plants, animals, diseases, people, technologies, and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (the AMericas) following Christopher Columbus’s 1492 voyage.