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What are autotrophs?
Organisms that make their own food.
What type of autotrophs are plants?
Plants are photoautotrophs, as they capture light energy to produce food.
What is the purpose of leaves in photosynthesis?
Leaves have a high surface area to catch light and facilitate gas exchange.
What prevents water loss in leaves?
The epidermis of specialized cells and wax prevents water loss.
What molecules are produced during light reactions?
Oxygen and ATP are produced during light reactions.
What is the role of chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Where do the light reactions occur?
Light reactions occur in the thylakoids of chloroplasts.
What is the Calvin Cycle's primary function?
The Calvin Cycle performs carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic compounds.
What is the difference between cyclic and non-cyclic pathways in light reactions?
Non-cyclic uses both PSII and PSI and produces NADPH, while cyclic only uses PSI and recycles electrons.
How do light reactions and the Calvin Cycle interact?
Light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin Cycle to fix carbon.
How is NADPH formed?
NADPH is formed when electrons are transferred from the electron acceptor to NADP+ during light reactions.
What is photorespiration?
Photorespiration occurs when rubisco adds O2 to RuBP instead of CO2, leading to energy waste.
What adaptations do C4 plants have?
C4 plants can fix CO2 even when levels are low by separating carbon fixation and reduction in different cells.
What is CAM photosynthesis?
CAM photosynthesis involves fixing CO2 at night and releasing it during the day to conserve water.
What happens when stomata are closed on hot, dry days?
Closing stomata reduces water loss but can cause O2 buildup and CO2 drop in leaves.
What is G3P's fate in plants?
G3P can be converted to glucose, fructose, starch, cellulose, and fatty acids.
What is the significance of water in photosynthesis?
Water is a main reactant and is essential for replacing electrons lost in the light reactions.
What does the structure of chloroplasts include?
Chloroplasts have a double membrane, a stroma, and thylakoids stacked into grana.
Why are carotenoids important in photosynthesis?
Carotenoids protect chlorophylls and absorb excess light energy.
How do thylakoids contribute to photosynthesis?
Thylakoids house chlorophyll and are where light reactions occur, producing ATP and NADPH.
What are mesophyll cells?
Mesophyll cells are located in leaves and contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
What is the light reaction's electron transport chain (ETC)?
The ETC uses energy from excited electrons to create a proton gradient for ATP production.
What type of energy do photosystems capture?
Photosystems capture light energy through absorbed photons.
Which wavelengths of light do chlorophyll a and b absorb?
Chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue-violet light; chlorophyll b absorbs orange and mid-blue light.
What is chemiosmosis?
Chemiosmosis is the process of ATP production driven by a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane.
What are the end products of the Calvin Cycle?
The Calvin Cycle produces G3P, which can be converted into sugars.
___ is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis
In photosynthesis, light energy is captured by chlorophyll and converted into ___ energy.
Chemical
The primary pigment involved in photosynthesis is ___.
Chlorophyll
In the light-dependent reactions, water is split to release ___.
Oxygen
The fluid-filled space inside chloroplasts where the Calvin Cycle takes place is called ___.
Stroma
Plants that fix carbon through the Calvin Cycle are known as ___ plants.
C3
___ reactions in photosynthesis convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Light-dependent
___ is the cycle of reactions that does not require light and uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into G3P.
Calvin Cycle
In C4 photosynthesis, the first product formed during carbon fixation is called ___.
Oxaloacetate
The process that allows plants to release excess oxygen and take in carbon dioxide is done through small openings called ___.
Stomata
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