Nutrition Exam 3

majority religion followed in Italy

Roman Catholic

feast of San Gennaro

- honors the patron saint and protector of Naples, San Gennaro
- celebrated each Sept in NYC's Little Italy for 11 days

Italian immigration patterns

- northern Italians settled in the West Coast during the Gold Rush
- Italians immigrated to the US from poorer sections of southern Italy and parts of Sicily and later settled in large northeastern cities between 1180 and 1920
- faced discrimination and hostility

Italian family structure

- families in southern Italy were self-reliant and distrusted outsiders
- each member was to maintain the family honor and fulfill responsibilities to the family
- father: head of household and strict disciplinarian
- mother: home activities and family budget

Italian traditional health beliefs and practices

- fresh air is necessary for good health
- well-being is defined as being able to pursue normal, daily activities
- illness may be attributed to: contamination through sick person, heredity, drafts (surgery may be avoided not to expose organs to air), suppression of emotions, supernatural causes, evil eye
- strategies to preventing illness: praying to saints, use of good luck charms, practices of a maghi (witch)

Italy's food guidance

- aims to improve the nutritional quality, safety, and sustainability of the Italian population's diet
- promoted: balance, foods to increase (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes), foods to decrease (sugar, alcohol, fat), sustainable diets

Italy - what does terrace agriculture entail

a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of receding flat surfaces which resemble steps for the purpose of more effective farming

staple foods in Italy

pasta and risotto

characteristics of Napoli-style pizza

- thin crust with buffalo mozzarella cheese
- bottom tends to be charred

risotto alla milanese

- from Milan
- saffron flavored rice

osso bucco

- from Milan
- wine-braised veal shanks

what types of crops are grown in Tuscany

wheat, olives, olive oil, grapes, wine, mushrooms

common foods from Florence

florentine beef steak: tender, dry-aged beef from the Chianina cattle
bistecca alla fioretina: beef steak with finely chopped spinach
truffle products: truffle oil, truffle salt

what does truffle hunting entail in Italy

what is the major lemon producing region of Italy

Sorrento, Capri, and the Amalfi Coast

what is the Delizia al limone

dome shaped cake with lemon custard and limoncello syrup

what is limoncello

lemon-based alcohol vodka and syrup

cuttlefish description

- similar to squid
- generates black ink in dishes

what is saltimbocca

veal with thin slices of prosciutto and sage leaves

what is fettuccine alfredo

egg noodles with butter, cream, and grated cheese

components of a gnocchi dish

baked semolina potato dumplings

typical breakfast in Italy

- Mediterranean-diet influenced
- coffee with milk, tea, or breakfast drink

Italian lunch

- antipasti: ham, sausages, pickled vegetables, olives, bread
- minestra (wet course): soup
- ascuitta (dry course): pasta, risotto, gnocchi
- main course: fish, meat, poultry
- salad (insalata)
- accompanied by wine

what is apertivo hour in Italy

- happy hour
- 5/6 PM
- restaurants serve drinks and snacks

what do the dinner meals entail

- lighter compared to lunch
- wine also served

what is coperto charge in Italy

- many restaurants have a cover charge (coperto) for seating, sparkling water, and/or bread
- tipping is not common

what is usually served with salads in Italy's restaurants

olive oil or balsamic vinegar of modena

what is rocket salad

salad with arugula greens

describe the following Italian desserts

maritozzi: Italian sweet bread in Rome with whipped cream
gelato: Italian ice cream or frozen dessert (contains less fat and more milk compared to American ice cream)
sicilain canoli: darker shells
panna cotta: "cooked cream" heavy cream with gelatin and vanilla extract served with a fruit-based sauce

foods served on Christmas Eve in Italian American households

- seven seafood dishes (southern italian immigrants)
- panettone

what is pane di pasqua

Italian braided easter bread with hard boiled eggs

what is the mediterranean diet and how does it benefit health

- plant-based
- associated with disease prevention

slave trade of Africa - why were slaves brought to the Caribbean, Brazil, and the US

to work in the sugar cane fields

what is sharecropping

farming system in which freed slaves worked for a landowner who assigned them land and other resources such as farming equipment, seeds, shelter, and clothing

what is the major religion that african americans followed

baptist

describe the family structure of african americans

multi-generational homes

describe the family structure of africans

patriarchal, arranged marriages

africa- what are the common behaviors completed for maintaining health

- consumption of 3 meals per day, especially a hot breakfast
- cod liver oil taken to prevent colds
- vicks vaporub ingested for colds
copper or silver bracelets worn for protection

africa - describe voodoo practices

- originated in the Caribbean, practiced in the South, includes African and Catholic belief
- influenced by European witchcraft
- cure illness via spells, magic powers, stones, and herbs

what is the purpose of the root doctor in African cultures

uses home remedies or charms to remove evil

what is subsistence farming - what challenges does it pose for individuals and families in Africa

- form of farming in which nearly all of the crops/livestock are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family

north africa - what is mezze

various dishes served in small amounts

north africa - what is tagine

moroccan stew prepared in a round pottery bowl with a conical lid

north africa - what is bastilla

flaky-crusted pigeon pie with ginger, cumin, cayenne, saffron, cinnamon, and confectionery sugar

north africa - what is harira

- soup with legumes, meat, vegetables, with spices
- common dinner during Ramadan

west africa - sierra leone

corn, rice, millet

west africa - nigeria

yams

west africa - congo and angola

cassava and plantains

west africa - ackee apples

common fruit

west africa - kanya

peanut candy dessert

west africa - how is fufu made

made from potatoes - boiling of starchy vegetables

west africa - jollof rice

layers of meat, tomatoes, vegetables, and steamed rice

east africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan) - staple foods

teff, plantains, sorghum, coffee

east africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan)- wat

national dish of Ethiopia

east africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan) - berbere

Ethiopian seasoning

east africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan) - injera

Ethiopian flat bread

east africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan) - yatalete killkil

casserole

east africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan) - yemiser selatta

lentil salad

east africa (eriterean and somalian) - anjeero

Somalian flat bread

east africa (eriterean and somalian) - fritatta

scrambled egg dish with vegetables

east africa (eriterean and somalian) - samboso

vegetable and meat stuffed fritters

east africa (eriterean and somalian) - shuro/shira

thick paste made from chickpeas, onions, tomatoes, and berbere

east africa (kenya, tanzania, uganda) - kitumbua

rice fritter

east africa (kenya, tanzania, uganda) - mandazi

slightly sweet donut bread

east africa (kenya, tanzania, uganda) - chapatis

unleavened whole wheat flat bread

east africa (kenya, tanzania, uganda) - ugali

thick, dough like cornmeal porridge - national dish of kenya

south africa - chutney

spicy fruit/vegetable relishes

south africa - the gatsby sandwhich

- popular in Cape Town, South Africa
- sandwich roll, bologna slices, french fries, lettuce, ketchup, hot piri-piri sauce

south africa - bunny chow

- hollow white bread filled with curry, animal proteins, kidney beans, and vegetables
- common in Durban, South Africa

what are the typical foods that are part of the slave diet

- teff
- dried salted cod
- salted pork and corn
- rice
- molasses
- legumes
- sweet potatoes

what are the typical foods that are part of a soul food meal

- vegetables
- meats available from the owner (pigs feet and beef tongue)
- hot red peppers, vinegar, salt, black pepper, paprika)

characteristics and number of meals consumed in west africa

- two meals/day - late morning and evening
- men were served first, then boys, followed by girls and women
- snacking was common

characteristics and number of meals consumed in east africa

- three meals/day

characteristics and number of meals consumed: ethiopians, eritreans, somalians

- 1-2 meals/day

characteristics and number of meals consumed in south africa

- 3 meals/day
- dinner is the largest meal

child learning ceremonies in nigeria

performed by the grandmother, who offers symbolic foods to the infant

Juneteenth

- June 19th, 1865
- Galveston, TX
- recognizes the emancipation of slaves

Kwanzaa

- dec 26th - jan 1st
- a candle is lit each day

what is pica

- practice of eating nonnutritive substances including clay, chalk, and laundry starch
- most often practiced among black women during pregnancy and the postpartum period
- due to need for minerals, humger/nausea, need for special treatment, cultural treatment

what is sickle cell anemia

red blood cells are sickle-shaped due to the genetic alteration of the protein hemoglobin

what country occupied Brazil previously

Portugal

what was the purpose of this country arriving in Brazil

sought land to cultivate sugarcane

purpose of the slave trade in Brazil

slaves from Africa were brought to Brazil to work in the sugar cane fields

what were the challenges descendants of slaves faced in Brazil

they must fight for their right to land that their ancestors once lived and worked on for generations

major religion followed in Brazil

roman catholic

Brazil - immigration patterns

- 'little brazils' were established in Queens and Manhattan
- settlements in Pennsylvania, Washington DC, Miami

name the minor religions in Brazil

spiritism, umbanda, candomble

describe spiritism

- combines Christian precepts with scientific principles
- popular with Brazil's middle class
- followers communicate with the dead through spiritual mediums

describe umbanda

- commonly practiced in rural areas and by low-income residents in urban areas
- combines several Afro-Brazilian faiths with spiritism and the idea of Christian charity

describe candomble

- afro-brazilian faith founded in the Bahia region and now practiced nationwide by followers of all ethnicities
- african derived beliefs dealing with earthy matters such as health and wealth are combined with Catholic cosmology

describe the family structure characteristics in Brazil

- families are predominantly patriarchal - extended family members typically live close to one another
- daily visits are common
- relatives mentor children through rites of passage such as confirmation, graduation, and the start of a career and marriage

what do Brazilians associate faith with

health

what do Brazilians attribute bad health to

liver problems or a hot-cold imbalance

what do Spiritist followers use for treatments

homeopathy, exorcism, or other alternative treatments

what are the health beliefs of Candomble followers

they believe that balance between the earth and spiritual aspects is needed for health

what is a curandiero

may be a priest or priestess who diagnoses and treats spiritual problems (prescribe healing baths or botanicals)

what is an example of a common remedy that is used for treatment

herbal teas

what is capoeria

a system of physical discipline and movement originating among Brazilian slaves, treated as a martial art and dance form

what cultures influences Brazil foods

Portuguese, African, and Native influence

what are example of common Brazil foods

yucca, acai berry, rice and beans, tapioca, breads (pao)