Studied by 59 people
Song Dynasty
Five 1200, they ruled over large parts of an ancient Chinese civilization deca trace origins back thousands of years
“Golden age” of arts, and literature Setting high standards of excellence in poetry, landscape, painting, and ceramics
Bureaucracy
A state of government in which most important declarations are made by state officials rather than elected representatives; song dynasty built bureaucratic state structure based on earlier precedents
Censorate
In agency, the exercised surveillance over the rest of the government checking on the character in confidence of public officials; oversaw six major ministries
Examination System
First established by Han dynasty and soon revived to staff bureaucracy and made more elaborate, facilitated by printing abilities
Schools prepped candidates for exams, which soon became central feature for men of upper class
Candidates from privileged backgrounds could afford better education to pass exams the village community sometimes sponsored, a bright young common man
PROVIDED MODEST MEASURE OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
Chinas economic revolution
Underlying reason for cultural and political achievements, which made some dynasty “by far the richest, most skilled in most populous dynasty in the world”
MOST OBVIOUS SIGN OF CHINA’S PROSPEROUS POPULATION GROWTH
Population population from around 50 million or 60 million 120 million by 1200
Agriculture (China)
Caused remarkable achievements and agricultural production, Particularly the adoption from Vietnam of a fast ripening and throughout resistance strain of rice(Champa rice)
Hangzhou
Capital of the song dynasty that was home to an estimated amount of 1 million people
Marco Polo- “ Beyond dispute, the finest and Nobelist city in the world”
Industry production: metallurgy
Likewise, to agriculture this also soared
working with metal; I will put drastically increased because large enterprises employing hundreds of workers and small background furnaces
Provided suits and arrowheads along with metal for tools, bells, coins, and other things in Buddhist monasteries
Fueled by Coal
Printing (China)
Inventions in this field led to printed books which became widely available in China by 1000
Gunpowder
Chinese navigation in shipment technologies lead world, and the invention of it created revolutionary military affairs that had global dimensions
Commercialization
Producing for market rather than local consumptioj, which became widespread phenomenon
Internal trade
Immense network of different water work ways which facilitated cheap movement of goods, allowing peasants to grow specialized crops for sale while they purchase other things in market
Government demand for taxes and cash required peasants to sell something
Financial instruments
Letters of credit and promissary notes that contributed to commercialization further
Foot binding
Getting them on dancers in Cartesian, which involves tight wrapping of girls feet, usually breaking bones and foot and causing immense pain
before and after song dynasty and found acceptance among the elite families and catered more widespread
Korean geography
Adjacent to north east Chinese peninsula where it’s people lived in close proximity with China
Tributary
State that pays to another
Korean Relationship with China
Korean official acknowledged China’s importance in eastern Asia by presenting tributes and performing ritual of submission
Chinese emperors gave Koreans gifts to take back to Korea
Trade between Korea and China
Because China in Korea had a peaceful relationships, they allowed passive trade to take place between the two states
Borrowing Chinese/ Confucian influences
China had a lot of influence on Korea
Effort to plant confusion, values in in Chinese culture in Korea had negative impact on Korean woman
Chinese observers noticed and disappeared of free will marriages in Korea, as well as women, singing or dancing at night in groups
Chinese miles of confusion, ism concepts of family replaced Korean patterns, especially at Mongol
KOREAN CUSTOMS ERODED UNDER PRESSURE OF CONFUSION ORTHODOXY
Politics of Korea
Remained itself despite large influences of China
Except for Buddhism Chinese culture influences had literal impact beyond aristocracy and did not hide Korean peasants
peasant population equals 1/3
Korean aristocracy class able to maintain stronger monopoly on offices than China
No CHINESE EXAMINATION SYSTEM
Hangul
Korean phonetic alphabet, which gradually took hold in private correspondence in popular fiction among women
Chinese influence
Vietnam fully incorporated into Chinese culture for 1000 years
Tributary- maintained tributary relationship after this wasn’t incorporated into Chinese culture
adopted Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism while still remaining politically independent
Government of Vietnam
Successful Vietnam, dynasties, taking many approaches from Chinese governments (EXAMPLES- Styling rulers as emperors, mandate of heaven, Chinese court rituals)
had examination system
Women in Vietnam
Had heavier social and economic role, then in China
female natural dieties and a female Buddha central part of Vietnam popular religion
Chu nom
Vietnam developed variation of Chinese writing, which provided basics for independent national literature, and let woman write
Japan geography
Separated from China by 100+ miles because it was on an island
NEVER INVADED BY CHINA BECAUSE OF THE ISLAND COUNTRY
Japan borrowing
Completely voluntary from Japan, because no immediate threat forcing them to follow
Religion (Japan)
Buddhism took place in educated class and later more broadly
affected Japan and literature medicine and attitude of suffering
Government/ politics (Japan)
Never succeeded in a bureaucratic state to match China
Emperor/ Daimyo- returned ceremonial and cultural rule, however their real political power gradually diminished in favor of aristocratic families
Samurai
Most famous warrior class of Japan, who developed a set of values
Bushido
Code of the samurai
“ Way of the warrior”
Death greater than surrender
Kami
Sacred spirits associated with human ancestry and various natural phenomenon
provided legitimacy to imperial families based on claims of descendants from Sung
Venerations lacked elaborate philosophy, so conflicted little with Buddhism
numerous assimilated into Japanese Buddhism
Japanese Script
Unique writing system that was Chinese characters plus phonetic symbols
The Tale of Genji
Novel written by a court figure that explains and romanticizes court life
Court Life
Court aristocrats and their ladies lived in, composed poems, arranged flowers, and conducted their love affairs
Abbasid Caliphate
Arab dynasty that ruled the Islamic world, in theory if not practice, since 750
shadow of its former self by 1200
Built capital in Baghdad from where flourished
grip loosened across the vast Arab empire, despite all its achievements
in ninth century, local governors or military commanders, asserted the ability to make decisions on their own behalf while still giving formal allegiance to Caliph in Baghdad
Turkish pastoralists
At first served as slave soldiers within Abbasid Caliphate then took increasingly militarily in political power as Abbasid Caliphate declined
Major political, cultural history of Islamic world
Seljuk Turkic Empire
Rulers begun to claim title of sultan rather than Kaghan as a became major players in Islamic Middle East
RULED IN ANTONIA
Ottoman Empire
Creation of one of the Turkic warrior groups that migrated into Anatolia who brought greater long-term political unity to the Islamic, Middle East and northern Africa
by mid 15th century, they carved out a state that encompassed much of the Antonia Delhi and pushed deep into southeast Europe
Acquired a substantial Christian population with capital of Constantinople
State of enormous significance in world
only Ming in China mash it in terms of wealth, power or splendor
repped emergence of turks as dominant people in Islamic world
ruled over many Arabs
Caliph
Successor to the prophet
Adding this made ottoman sultans able to claim earlier Arab empires
to bring your new unity to Islamic world well serving is protector of faith
Safuid Dynasty
To the east of Persia in 16th century; brought political unity among other things
Devshime
System of forced labor, Probably beginning in late 14th cent, In which Christian, Mostly from the Balkans, were taken from their homes to serve the ottoman and government
India raids/ Turkic conquests
Violent conquest that turkey seeking warrior groups used to spread Muslim faith in India
gave rise to series of Islamic regime that governed much of India into 19th century
Raid—> conquering —>settlement
Sultanate of Delhi
This establish, Turkish rule became more systematic ; Big states
Conversions
Muslim commonly emerged in India where Hindu culture less integrated
Attracted to a egalitarian views of Islam AND THEY AVOIDED IMPOSED ON NON-MUSLIM
never able to become over 20 to 25% of total population
Especially concentrated to Punjab and Suind regions of Northwest India and Bengal in the east
Vijayanagar Empire
@ height, controlled nearly all southern India from thriving capital of half 1 million people
further south and beyond boundaries of Delhi Sultanate is where Hindu states flourished
Formed in part this Muslim incursions (Became site of peaceful Hindu Muslim encounters)
Muslim Conquest
Conquest by Arabia and Berber forces in early eighth century during first wave of Islamic expression
Al- Andalus
Name of Spain by Muslims;
Sustained cross cultural encounters , this time with Christian Western Europe
Persecution/ tolerance
Muslims, Christians and Jews mixed freely in India, even as periods of toleration fluctuated with persecution of other faiths
Córodoba
Capital of Muslim Spain; largest in most splendid cities in the world: Muslims Christians and Jews continued to high cultural standards in which astronomy, the arts, architecture, and literature flourishes; upper class members and members of different faiths had frequent relationships
City/cultural center of Spain
Conversions (Spain
By 1000 pound space roughly 75% of population was Islam
many remain Christians adapted Arabic, or Muslim traditions
Dhimni
Non-Muslims, who had to pay tax and abide by different rules
Protected people under certain rules
Muslim Fragmentation
By late 10th century, religious tolerance began to erode
Corodoba based fragmented into numerous states with war between Christian kingdoms in northern Spain
Christian Kingdoms
Warfare with these people in northern Spain, picked up in 10th and 11th century
more rigid forms of Islam entered Spain from northern Africa
Reconquista/ Granada 1492
Intensified Muslim intolerance after Christians reconquered Spain
and in 1492 when Ferdinand and Isabella took Granada (Last Muslim stronghold on Liberian peninsula)
Expulsions
Despite initial promise to maintain freedom of Muslims to worship the Spanish government force Muslims to choose between conversion or exile
muslims forced to immigrate, often to North Africa, along with 20,000 some other Jews because they refused to convert
Byzantine Empire
Had been most sophisticated and powerful Christian empire, and civilization
By 1200 head entered state of decline
No clear starting point
Roman republic/ empire
The Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire continued the basic Roman Empire after it fell in 1200
Byzantium leaders, neighbors and enemies, viewed it as interchangeable as Byzantine encompass large parts of Eastern Roman Empire (Their roads, tax military structure, centralized administration imperial court laws entity, persistent in Byzantium)
Ruled Mediterranean world, and soon falls to German people
Constantinople
Byzantium Capital city; “New Rome “ and people are referred to themselves as Romans
Islamic expansion
In seventh century, this happened which resulted in the loss of Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and northern Africa
Caesaropapism
Religion relationship between Byzantine state and eastern orthodox church
Emperor of business team was pope in church and head of state
excepted as leader of orthodoxy church made decisions about doctrine called church, councils, and treated church as government department
Eastern Orthodox Church
Legitimated the supreme absolute authority of the emperor where he was a god adopted ruler, and reflection of God on earth
provided cultural identity for the empires subjects
Roman church independence
Headed by pope and separate from eastern orthodox church
Tensions btwn E. Ortho. And W. church
Eastern and Roman church tensions grew until 1054 when that representatives or heads of each churches were excommunicated from each other, declaring that the opposite tradition was not true Christian
Crusades
Launched in 1095 by Catholic pope against forces of Islam and made relations worse, especially during the fourth crusade
4th Crusade 1204
Western forces seized Constantinople and ruled Byzantine for the next half century; after the rupture in world of Christian Dunn proved irreparable
Slavs
Most significant region of expansion for orthodox church and was among the roots
MODERN DAY, UKRAINE, AND WESTERN RUSSIA
Kievan Rus
Modest state and region of Rus named after Kyiv
Emerged in ninth century
loosely led by various princes, Rus with society, slaves and Freeman, privileged people and commoners, dominant men and subordinate women
Prince Vladimir and Orthodox
Prince Vladimir was affiliated with eastern orthodoxy faith of Byzantine Empire
searching for religion, that would unify people of his region while linking into wider network of commerce and exchange
Byzantine decline
For centuries, they showed resilience and capacity for revival, despite the invasions by neighbors
after 1085 Empire entered terminal decline
byzantine territory shrink because of invasions by western European powers Catholic Crusaders, Turkish Muslim invaders
END= 1453 when Turkic Ottoman Empire finally took Constantinople
marks end of Roman Empire after a millennia
Rus borrowing
Borrowed from Byzantine empire (architecture styles, acrylic alphabet, religious images, monasticism tradition, and political ideas of imperial court) all of which became big part of Rus
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