AP World Chapter 2: China- Christendom

Song Dynasty

Five 1200, they ruled over large parts of an ancient Chinese civilization deca trace origins back thousands of years

• “Golden age” of arts, and literature Setting high standards of excellence in poetry, landscape, painting, and ceramics

Bureaucracy

A state of government in which most important declarations are made by state officials rather than elected representatives; song dynasty built bureaucratic state structure based on earlier precedents

Censorate

In agency, the exercised surveillance over the rest of the government checking on the character in confidence of public officials; oversaw six major ministries

Examination System

First established by Han dynasty and soon revived to staff bureaucracy and made more elaborate, facilitated by printing abilities

• Schools prepped candidates for exams, which soon became central feature for men of upper class

  • Candidates from privileged backgrounds could afford better education to pass exams the village community sometimes sponsored, a bright young common man

PROVIDED MODEST MEASURE OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

Chinas economic revolution

Underlying reason for cultural and political achievements, which made some dynasty “by far the richest, most skilled in most populous dynasty in the world”

MOST OBVIOUS SIGN OF CHINA’S PROSPEROUS POPULATION GROWTH

• Population population from around 50 million or 60 million 120 million by 1200

Agriculture (China)

Caused remarkable achievements and agricultural production, Particularly the adoption from Vietnam of a fast ripening and throughout resistance strain of rice(Champa rice)

Hangzhou

Capital of the song dynasty that was home to an estimated amount of 1 million people

Marco Polo- “ Beyond dispute, the finest and Nobelist city in the world”

Industry production: metallurgy

Likewise, to agriculture this also soared

• working with metal; I will put drastically increased because large enterprises employing hundreds of workers and small background furnaces

  • Provided suits and arrowheads along with metal for tools, bells, coins, and other things in Buddhist monasteries

  • Fueled by Coal

Printing (China)

Inventions in this field led to printed books which became widely available in China by 1000

Gunpowder

Chinese navigation in shipment technologies lead world, and the invention of it created revolutionary military affairs that had global dimensions

Commercialization

Producing for market rather than local consumptioj, which became widespread phenomenon

Internal trade

Immense network of different water work ways which facilitated cheap movement of goods, allowing peasants to grow specialized crops for sale while they purchase other things in market

• Government demand for taxes and cash required peasants to sell something

Financial instruments

Letters of credit and promissary notes that contributed to commercialization further

Foot binding

Getting them on dancers in Cartesian, which involves tight wrapping of girls feet, usually breaking bones and foot and causing immense pain

• before and after song dynasty and found acceptance among the elite families and catered more widespread

Korean geography

Adjacent to north east Chinese peninsula where it’s people lived in close proximity with China

Tributary

State that pays to another

Korean Relationship with China

Korean official acknowledged China’s importance in eastern Asia by presenting tributes and performing ritual of submission

• Chinese emperors gave Koreans gifts to take back to Korea

Trade between Korea and China

Because China in Korea had a peaceful relationships, they allowed passive trade to take place between the two states

Borrowing Chinese/ Confucian influences

China had a lot of influence on Korea

• Effort to plant confusion, values in in Chinese culture in Korea had negative impact on Korean woman

  • Chinese observers noticed and disappeared of free will marriages in Korea, as well as women, singing or dancing at night in groups

• Chinese miles of confusion, ism concepts of family replaced Korean patterns, especially at Mongol

KOREAN CUSTOMS ERODED UNDER PRESSURE OF CONFUSION ORTHODOXY

Politics of Korea

Remained itself despite large influences of China

• Except for Buddhism Chinese culture influences had literal impact beyond aristocracy and did not hide Korean peasants

  • peasant population equals 1/3

• Korean aristocracy class able to maintain stronger monopoly on offices than China

  • No CHINESE EXAMINATION SYSTEM

Hangul

Korean phonetic alphabet, which gradually took hold in private correspondence in popular fiction among women

Chinese influence

Vietnam fully incorporated into Chinese culture for 1000 years

Tributary- maintained tributary relationship after this wasn’t incorporated into Chinese culture

• adopted Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism while still remaining politically independent

Government of Vietnam

Successful Vietnam, dynasties, taking many approaches from Chinese governments (EXAMPLES- Styling rulers as emperors, mandate of heaven, Chinese court rituals)

• had examination system

Women in Vietnam

Had heavier social and economic role, then in China

• female natural dieties and a female Buddha central part of Vietnam popular religion

Chu nom

Vietnam developed variation of Chinese writing, which provided basics for independent national literature, and let woman write

Japan geography

Separated from China by 100+ miles because it was on an island

NEVER INVADED BY CHINA BECAUSE OF THE ISLAND COUNTRY

Japan borrowing

Completely voluntary from Japan, because no immediate threat forcing them to follow

Religion (Japan)

Buddhism took place in educated class and later more broadly

• affected Japan and literature medicine and attitude of suffering

Government/ politics (Japan)

Never succeeded in a bureaucratic state to match China

Emperor/ Daimyo- returned ceremonial and cultural rule, however their real political power gradually diminished in favor of aristocratic families

Samurai

Most famous warrior class of Japan, who developed a set of values

Bushido

Code of the samurai

“ Way of the warrior”

Death greater than surrender

Kami

Sacred spirits associated with human ancestry and various natural phenomenon

• provided legitimacy to imperial families based on claims of descendants from Sung

• Venerations lacked elaborate philosophy, so conflicted little with Buddhism

  • numerous assimilated into Japanese Buddhism

Japanese Script

Unique writing system that was Chinese characters plus phonetic symbols

The Tale of Genji

Novel written by a court figure that explains and romanticizes court life

Court Life

Court aristocrats and their ladies lived in, composed poems, arranged flowers, and conducted their love affairs

Abbasid Caliphate

Arab dynasty that ruled the Islamic world, in theory if not practice, since 750

• shadow of its former self by 1200

• Built capital in Baghdad from where flourished

• grip loosened across the vast Arab empire, despite all its achievements

  • in ninth century, local governors or military commanders, asserted the ability to make decisions on their own behalf while still giving formal allegiance to Caliph in Baghdad

Turkish pastoralists

At first served as slave soldiers within Abbasid Caliphate then took increasingly militarily in political power as Abbasid Caliphate declined

• Major political, cultural history of Islamic world

Seljuk Turkic Empire

Rulers begun to claim title of sultan rather than Kaghan as a became major players in Islamic Middle East

RULED IN ANTONIA

Ottoman Empire

Creation of one of the Turkic warrior groups that migrated into Anatolia who brought greater long-term political unity to the Islamic, Middle East and northern Africa

• by mid 15th century, they carved out a state that encompassed much of the Antonia Delhi and pushed deep into southeast Europe

• Acquired a substantial Christian population with capital of Constantinople

• State of enormous significance in world

  • only Ming in China mash it in terms of wealth, power or splendor

  • repped emergence of turks as dominant people in Islamic world

    • ruled over many Arabs

Caliph

Successor to the prophet

• Adding this made ottoman sultans able to claim earlier Arab empires

  • to bring your new unity to Islamic world well serving is protector of faith

Safuid Dynasty

To the east of Persia in 16th century; brought political unity among other things

Devshime

System of forced labor, Probably beginning in late 14th cent, In which Christian, Mostly from the Balkans, were taken from their homes to serve the ottoman and government

India raids/ Turkic conquests

Violent conquest that turkey seeking warrior groups used to spread Muslim faith in India

• gave rise to series of Islamic regime that governed much of India into 19th century

Raid—> conquering —>settlement

Sultanate of Delhi

This establish, Turkish rule became more systematic ; Big states

Conversions

Muslim commonly emerged in India where Hindu culture less integrated

• Attracted to a egalitarian views of Islam AND THEY AVOIDED IMPOSED ON NON-MUSLIM

  • never able to become over 20 to 25% of total population

  • Especially concentrated to Punjab and Suind regions of Northwest India and Bengal in the east

Vijayanagar Empire

• @ height, controlled nearly all southern India from thriving capital of half 1 million people

  • further south and beyond boundaries of Delhi Sultanate is where Hindu states flourished

  • Formed in part this Muslim incursions (Became site of peaceful Hindu Muslim encounters)

Muslim Conquest

Conquest by Arabia and Berber forces in early eighth century during first wave of Islamic expression

Al- Andalus

Name of Spain by Muslims;

Sustained cross cultural encounters , this time with Christian Western Europe

Persecution/ tolerance

Muslims, Christians and Jews mixed freely in India, even as periods of toleration fluctuated with persecution of other faiths

Córodoba

Capital of Muslim Spain; largest in most splendid cities in the world: Muslims Christians and Jews continued to high cultural standards in which astronomy, the arts, architecture, and literature flourishes; upper class members and members of different faiths had frequent relationships

City/cultural center of Spain

Conversions (Spain

By 1000 pound space roughly 75% of population was Islam

• many remain Christians adapted Arabic, or Muslim traditions

Dhimni

Non-Muslims, who had to pay tax and abide by different rules

Protected people under certain rules

Muslim Fragmentation

By late 10th century, religious tolerance began to erode

Corodoba based fragmented into numerous states with war between Christian kingdoms in northern Spain

Christian Kingdoms

Warfare with these people in northern Spain, picked up in 10th and 11th century

• more rigid forms of Islam entered Spain from northern Africa

Reconquista/ Granada 1492

Intensified Muslim intolerance after Christians reconquered Spain

• and in 1492 when Ferdinand and Isabella took Granada (Last Muslim stronghold on Liberian peninsula)

Expulsions

Despite initial promise to maintain freedom of Muslims to worship the Spanish government force Muslims to choose between conversion or exile

• muslims forced to immigrate, often to North Africa, along with 20,000 some other Jews because they refused to convert

Byzantine Empire

Had been most sophisticated and powerful Christian empire, and civilization

• By 1200 head entered state of decline

• No clear starting point

Roman republic/ empire

The Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire continued the basic Roman Empire after it fell in 1200

• Byzantium leaders, neighbors and enemies, viewed it as interchangeable as Byzantine encompass large parts of Eastern Roman Empire (Their roads, tax military structure, centralized administration imperial court laws entity, persistent in Byzantium)

• Ruled Mediterranean world, and soon falls to German people

Constantinople

Byzantium Capital city; “New Rome “ and people are referred to themselves as Romans

Islamic expansion

In seventh century, this happened which resulted in the loss of Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and northern Africa

Caesaropapism

Religion relationship between Byzantine state and eastern orthodox church

• Emperor of business team was pope in church and head of state

  • excepted as leader of orthodoxy church made decisions about doctrine called church, councils, and treated church as government department

Eastern Orthodox Church

Legitimated the supreme absolute authority of the emperor where he was a god adopted ruler, and reflection of God on earth

• provided cultural identity for the empires subjects

Roman church independence

Headed by pope and separate from eastern orthodox church

Tensions btwn E. Ortho. And W. church

Eastern and Roman church tensions grew until 1054 when that representatives or heads of each churches were excommunicated from each other, declaring that the opposite tradition was not true Christian

Crusades

Launched in 1095 by Catholic pope against forces of Islam and made relations worse, especially during the fourth crusade

4th Crusade 1204

Western forces seized Constantinople and ruled Byzantine for the next half century; after the rupture in world of Christian Dunn proved irreparable

Slavs

Most significant region of expansion for orthodox church and was among the roots

MODERN DAY, UKRAINE, AND WESTERN RUSSIA

Kievan Rus

Modest state and region of Rus named after Kyiv

• Emerged in ninth century

• loosely led by various princes, Rus with society, slaves and Freeman, privileged people and commoners, dominant men and subordinate women

Prince Vladimir and Orthodox

Prince Vladimir was affiliated with eastern orthodoxy faith of Byzantine Empire

• searching for religion, that would unify people of his region while linking into wider network of commerce and exchange

Byzantine decline

For centuries, they showed resilience and capacity for revival, despite the invasions by neighbors

• after 1085 Empire entered terminal decline

  • byzantine territory shrink because of invasions by western European powers Catholic Crusaders, Turkish Muslim invaders

    END= 1453 when Turkic Ottoman Empire finally took Constantinople

    • marks end of Roman Empire after a millennia

Rus borrowing

Borrowed from Byzantine empire (architecture styles, acrylic alphabet, religious images, monasticism tradition, and political ideas of imperial court) all of which became big part of Rus