Deviance, Crime and Social Control

Deviance

______ - is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law

Deviance

______ - is considered abnormal or undesirable behavior in a society, leading to negative sanctions or social disapproval.

• Primary Deviance

• Secondary Deviance

Types of Deviance [2]

Primary Deviance

[Types of Deviance]

• Violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others

Example: Speeding is a deviance, but getting a speeding ticket does not make others view you as a bad person

Secondary Deviance

[Types of Deviance]

• When a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Example: When a person gets into fights and cuts class, they may be labeled as a troublemaker

Social Control

______ - is the regulation and enforcement of norms

enforcement

_____ - is an act or process of making people obey a law, rule, regulation, standard, or agreement.

a. Group manipulation of guilt and shame

NOTE:

• Informal Means (Ross & Pepinsky)

  • Belief system

• Formal Means

  • Regulations, sanactions and laws

1. According to Pepinsky, which of the following is the most effective form of social control among Chinese communists?

a. Group manipulation of guilt and shame

b. Surveillance system

c. Party directives

d. Written laws

• Informal Means (Ross & Pepinsky)

  • Belief system

• Formal Means

  • Regulations,sanactions and laws
    

Types of Social Control [2]

Informal Means (Ross & Pepinsky)

[Types of Social Control]

• Belief system

Formal Means

[Types of Social Control]

• Regulations, sanctions and laws

Group manipulation of guilt and shame

______ - is the most effective form of social control among Chinese communists

a. I and II only

2. What are the bases of Merton's typology of deviant behavior?

I. A person's motivation or adherence to cultural goals

II. A person's belief in how to attain his/her goals

III. A person's political and cultural background

IV. A person's idea of the world or worldview

a. I and II only

b. I and III only

c. I, II, and III only

d. I, II, III, and IV

(1) A person’s motivations or her adherence to cultural goals

(2) A person’s belief in how to attain his goals

Two Specific Criteria of Merton’s typology of deviant behavior: ______

Conformity

_____ - is the acceptance of the cultural goals and means of attaining those goals

Innovation

_______ - is the acceptance of the goals of a culture but the rejection of the traditional and/or legitimate means o attaining those goals

Ritualism

______ - is the rejection of cultural goals but the routinized acceptance of the means for achieving the goals

Retreatism

_______ - is the rejection of both the cultural goals and the traditional means of achieving those goals.

Rebellion

______ - is when the individual rejects both the cultural goals and traditional means of achieving them ; but actively attempts to replace both elements of the society with different goals and means

anomie or normlessness

3. A deviant behavior is generally characterized by _____ ?

a. anomie or normlessness

b. disloyal to the peer group

c. failure in socialization

d. different religious beliefs

anomie

______ - a state of normlessness where individuals feel disconnected from the shared norms and values of society

a. conformist

NOTE: This refers to individuals who accept both societal goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. By definition, they do not engage in deviant behavior.

4. One of the following is not a type of deviance:

a. conformist

b. retreatist

c. ritualist

d. cultist

c. failure in socialization

5. Deviance represents: _____?

a. social disintegration

b. stereotyped system

c. failure in socialization

d. varied child-rearing practices

• Positive Sanction

• Negative Sanction

• Informal Sanction

• Formal Sanction

Types of Sanctions [4]

Positive Sanction

[Types of Sanctions]

• Rewards given for conforming to norms

Example: Promotion at work for working hard

Negative Sanction

[Types of Sanctions]

• Punishments for violating norms

Example: Arrested for shoplifting

Informal Sanction

[Types of Sanctions]

• Emerge in face-to-face social interactions

Example: Disapproving looks for picking your nose in public

Formal Sanction

[Types of Sanctions]

• Official ways to recognize and enforce norm violations

Example: (Example implied: fines, suspensions, awards)

c. confessing a crime to authorities

NOTE:

• Sanctions: Maintain external control; may be punishments or rewards

• Sanctions are reactions (rewards or punishments) imposed by others or institutions in response to behavior.

• Confessing a crime is an action done by the person, not a sanction imposed by society.

1. All of the following are examples of a sanction EXCEPT

a. slapping the palms of a bad boy

b. sentencing a murderer to death

c. confessing a crime to authorities

d. getting a failing mark for cheating in exams

Sanctions

______ - maintain external control , may be punishments or rewards.

Sanctions

______ - are reactions (rewards or punishments) imposed by others or institutions in response to behavior.

a. People still label them as criminals even if they are no longer in jail.

NOTE:

• Site of answer is A or D. The statement of the problem mentioned the word “people”. A is the answer.

What is the best possible reason for the difficulty experienced by people who had criminal records in seeking employment after they are released?

a. People still label them as criminals even if they are no longer in jail.

b. They are considered not capable of doing things other than committing a crime.

c. They do not know the changes in the outside world.

d. People do not care about them.

• Violent crime

• Nonviolent crime

• Street crime

• Corporate crime

• Victimless crime

Types of Crimes [5]

Violent crime

[Types of Crimes ]

______ - Use of force or the threat of force

Example: Rape, murder

Nonviolent

[Types of Crimes ]

______ - destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

Example: Larceny (Unlawful taking, personal property, no consent. ) , theft

Street Crime

[Types of Crimes ]

• offenses committed by ordinary people against other people or organizations

• usually in public

Example: Mugging (Street robbery with force/threat ) , vandalism

Corporate Crime

[Types of Crimes ]

• crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

Example: Embezzlement (Entrusted money stolen by insider. )

Embezzlement

_____- refers to theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one's trust or belonging to one's employer.

White-collar worker

[KIND OF WORKER] _______- refers to individuals who perform professional, managerial, administrative, or clerical work, typically in an office or other professional setting.

Victimless Crime

[Types of Crimes ]

• The perpetrator violates a law without directly harming another person

Example: Drinking beer at age 16

perpetrator

______ - is the person who commits a crime or carries out a harmful, violent, or illegal act.