behavioral neuroscience - test adaptation

atom

is an ireductible particule

molecules

are an association of atoms

ion

is an atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge and can move freely underwater

salt

molecule or atom ionic bonds, which disolves under water

proteins

chain of amino acids (macromolecules)

carbohydrates

chains of sugar molecule

DNA

is a strings of nucleotid and where all body instructions are stored

RNA

is a chain of nucleotide

cell membrane

is a liposome (which are phospholipids who are shaken, making micelles, which pops and reform as liposomes)

proteins in eukaryotic cells

are synthetized outside the nucleus

mitochondria

form energy (ATP) by extracting it from nutriments in the eukaryonic cell and signal the growth or death of cells. Also is semi-autonomous double membrane-bound organelle.

ribosome

is a molecule made of RNA that synthesizes new proteins by stringing together the amino acids held by tRN molecules in the order determined by the genetic code

nucleus

is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains DNA. It controls and regulates various cellular activities.

microtubules

allow for the rapid transport of material within the neuron, which uses ATP molecules

multicellular organisms

are a collection of interdependent cells that share the same genome but the cells read a different part of it

gene of voltage-gated sodium channel

is a string of nucleic acids since a gene is a section of DNA which purpose is to encode proteins

leak potassium channel

is a permenantly open channel which is a string of amino acids

gene promoter for the leak potassium channel

largely consists of the long sequence of DNA that is just prior to the gene that encodes the leak potassium channel.

chloride (CI-)

Has a net negative electrical charge when disolved in water

voltage-gated potassium channel

is made to quickly restore the membrane resting potential, all over the length of the axon

axon

carries information from the soma to the presynaptic membrane

metabotropic glutamate receptors

are proteins

depolarization mediator

the closing of open potassium ion channels 

action potentials propagate faster

thicker axon

depolarization

When the membrane potential of a neuron becomes less negative than it normally is at rest

resetting of membrane potential

k+ (potassium) leak channels, because they leave (efflux) to go all around the cell (the leak channel is always open)

Voltage-gated sodium channel 

initiate and propagate the action potential, all over the length of the axon

Voltage-gated calcium channel

release of neurotransmitter, found at the end of the axon

action potential

1. the voltage gated sodium channels open