quiz 1 (essentials of pharmacy)

introduction

main system of measurement used in pharmacy calculations

international system of units (SI)

AKA metric system

also avoirdupois system and apothecaries system

SI unit for length

meter (m)

SI unit for volume

liter (L)

SI unit for weight

kilograms (kg)

avoirdupois unit for weight

ounce or pound

avoirdupois unit for volume

quart or gallon

apothecaries unit for weight

grain or scruple or dram

drug doses usually administered in...

milligrams (mg) or milliliters (mL)

stock volumes of liquid drug products often expressed as...

concentrations

ex: 400mg/5mL

many medications require dosing to be based on...

patient's weight (usually in kg)

ex: 50mg/kg

lab values typically expressed as...

number of milligrams (mg) of detected value per deciliter (dL) of blood

ex: 200mg/dL

measurements of length & its conversion factors

1m = 100cm = 1000mm = .1km

inch to cm

1in = 2.54cm

measurements of volume & its conversion factors

1L = 1000mL

1mL = 1cm^3

1floz = 29.57mL (or 30mL)

1pt = 473mL (or 480mL)

1tsp = 5mL

1tbs = 15mL

1qt = 946mL

measurements of weight & its conversion factors

1g = 1000mg = .1kg

1mL H2O = 1g

2.2lbs = 1kg

1oz = 28.35g

dose

quantity of medication taken by a patient for an intended therapeutic effect

single dose

quantity of medication taken at one time

daily dose

quantity of medication taken in one 24hr period

total dose

quantity of medication taken during the entire course of therapy

loading dose

a larger than usual initial amount of medication intended to rapidly raise the blood drug level to a therapeutic level

dosage regimen

schedule on which the patient is intended to take prescribed medications

usual dosage range

quantity of medication that may be prescribed within the guidelines of usual medical practice

(usually broken down into specific patient populations like adults, pediatrics, patients w/ renal disease, etc.)

Pharmacists must verify that ordered medications...

fall into the usual dosage range w/ a typical dosage regimen

(if it doesn't, call the prescriber to clarify the dose)

routes of administration

oral (by mouth)

sublingual (under the tongue)

parenteral (injection)

topical (on skin)

conjunctival (in eye)

inhaled (into lung)

intranasal (into nose)

rectal (rectum)

depending on route of administration...

alteration in calculation of a drug dose may be necessary

to measure and administer oral liquids (use what?)

oral syringes or medication cups (AKA pharmaceutical grade medication administration tools)

^ b/c household spoons and utensils aren't standardized

unit: drop (gtt)

(what's it used for & one drop equals what?)

used for liquid medications intended for conjunctival use or oral liquids for pediatric patients

standard volume in one drop = 15 to 20mL

medications can also be dosed based on...

patient's body surface area (BSA)

- used in pediatric patients and in patients taking chemotherapy

- BSA unit = m^2

- calculated using a nonogram or mosteller formula --> the square root of (height x weight)/3600 (where height is in cm and weight is in kg)

prescription

an order for a medication issued by a medical provider w/ appropriate licensure + authority in state which they practice

medication order

(similar concept to prescription that's used in hospitals and institutional settings)

- timing of doses to be administered expressed in military time

prescriptions & medication orders

- can be written, transmitted electronically, sent by telephone, or faxed

- various legal + regulatory requirements for prescriptions and medication orders to be considered valid & complete

- pharmacists must verify each prescription/medication order is correct in format & content

pharmacists and health care providers should follow the (1) ______________ when (2) ________________

(1) "5 rights"

(2) ordering, verifying, or administering medications to patients

"5 rights"

verify the order is the right drug and right dose

for the right patient

and is given at the right time

via the right route of administration

pharmacists need to verify... if being dispensed to a patient to use at home

...the labeling of medication with directions for use is correct...

used to signify quantities on a prescription or medication order

roman numerals

(when a larger numeral precedes smaller numerals, the sums of all numerals are added together)

(when a smaller numeral precedes a larger numeral, the difference b/w the two numerals demonstrates the intended value)

roman numeral for 1/2

ss

roman numeral for 1

I

roman numeral for 5

V

roman numeral for 10

X

roman numeral for 50

L

roman numeral for 100

C

roman numeral for 500

D

roman numeral for 1000

M

roman numeral for 12

XII

roman numeral for 90

XC

roman numeral for 44

XLIV

aa

of each

disp

dispense

ft

make

qs

a sufficient quantity

qs.ad

a sufficient quantity to make

sig. (sigma)

write (directions for label)

ac

before meals

am

morning

ATC

around the clock

BID

twice daily

c

with

d

day

h

hour

HS

at bedtime

NPO

nothing by mouth

Q

every

QAM

every morning

Q8H

every 8 hours

QID

4 times daily

STAT

immediately

TID

3 times daily

ut dict

as directed

wk

week

ad

right ear

as

left ear

au

both ears

ID

intradermal

inj

injection

IM

intramuscular

IT

intrathecal

IV

intravenous

IVP

intravenous push

IVPB

intravenous piggyback

NGT

nasogastric tube

od

right eye

os

left eye

ou

both eyes

PO

by mouth

rect

rectally

SL

sublingually

Sub-Q/SC

subcutaneously

Top

topically

PV

vaginally

BSA

body surface area

cm3

cubic centimeters or milliliters

g

gram

gtt

drop

IU

international unit

DO NOT USE b/c mistaken for IV (intravenous) or the number 10 SO write international unit

lb

pound

kg

kilogram

L

liter

m2

square meter

mcg

microgram