Poli 381 - Midterm 2

Realism

International order based on power realities.

Liberalism

International order reflects state values like democracy.

Global governance

Processes guiding state and non-state actor activities.

International institutions

Norms and rules shaping state behavior and expectations.

International law

Rules governing treaties and state interactions.

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Treaty addressing global climate change commitments.

Collective security

Security arrangement where states respond to aggression.

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Court resolving disputes between states since 1945.

Non-compulsory jurisdiction

States must opt-in for ICJ's jurisdiction.

Article 32(2) ICJ statute

Optional clause for states regarding ICJ cases.

Bilateral treaties

Agreements between two states, like contracts.

Multilateral treaties

Agreements among three or more states.

Customary law

State practices that become legally binding over time.

Objective requirement for customary law

Behavior must occur repeatedly among states.

Subjective requirement for customary law

Behavior performed out of legal obligation.

Precedent in international law

Non-binding rulings guiding future cases.

Security Council

UN body responsible for international peace and security.

General Assembly

UN body representing all member states' opinions.

Voting in General Assembly

Requires ⅔ majority for major issues.

Permanent members of Security Council

China, US, UK, Russia, France hold veto power.

UN Charter

Treaty outlining rules for international relations.

Chapter VI of UN Charter

Encourages peaceful conflict resolution among states.

Chapter VII of UN Charter

Allows UN to respond to threats with force.

UN peace operations

UN-sponsored troops deployed in conflict zones.

Traditional peacekeeping

UN presence to maintain peace agreements.

Coercive peacekeeping

Use of force to enforce peace agreements.

Rwandan Genocide

Failed UN peacekeeping mission in 1994.

UNAMIR

UN mission monitoring Rwandan peace accords.

Arusha Accords

Peace agreement aimed at ending Rwandan conflict.

Security measures

Actions taken to protect citizens and state.

Objective security conditions

Actual risks to safety and freedom.

Subjective security conditions

Perceptions of safety and security among citizens.

International organizations

Institutions with formal procedures and memberships.

State sovereignty

Institution governing state authority without organization.

Norms in international law

Standards guiding state behavior and interactions.

Treaties as law sources

Agreements codifying state commitments and consent.

UN's role in global security

Stabilizing force addressing international threats.

Cold War impact on UN

Stalemate affected UN's collective security efforts.

Military Staff Committee

UN body intended for planning military operations.

UN adaptations

Improvisations in response to global security challenges.

Humanitarian intervention

Use of force for humanitarian objectives.

Complex peacekeeping operations

Involves multiple activities beyond traditional peacekeeping.

Peace support operations

Monitoring human rights and running elections.

Intersubjective conditions

Security is socially constructed through societal interactions.

Security dilemma

One state's security efforts create insecurity for others.

Lack of trust

A key factor exacerbating the security dilemma.

Geopolitics

Influences state security dynamics, e.g., Cold War.

Ethnonationalist civil conflict

Internal conflicts based on ethnic nationalism affecting security.

Realist theory

Military power is essential for state survival.

Inevitability of war

Realists believe war is an unavoidable outcome.

Liberal theory

Collective security promotes cooperation among nations.

Shared foreign policy responsibility

Nations collectively accountable for international outcomes.

Just wars

Wars for resources deemed unjust; defense is just.

Anticipatory self-defence

Preemptive strikes are considered forbidden under liberalism.

Global Humanist perspective

Advocates arms reduction and prioritizes human solidarity.

Disarmament

Reduction of arms to promote global security.

Marxist view on security

Security protects those owning production means.

Inequality as security threat

Social inequality is seen as a primary security risk.

Constructivism

State interests evolve based on ideas and identities.

Gendered Security

Security issues influenced by traditional masculinity norms.

Women in Warfare

Women can lead, fight, and promote peace.

Gender-Based Violence

Violence linked to gender as a security concern.

Rape as Warfare

Rape used deliberately as a weapon in conflicts.

Collective Defense

Alliance principle: attack on one is attack on all.

Article 5

NATO's principle of collective defense commitment.

NATO Expansion

Post-Cold War growth includes former Soviet states.

Clausewitz's War Definition

War as controlled force for political objectives.

Political Ends of War

War driven by ideology, power distribution, and actors.

Obsolescence of Major Wars

Major wars among powers becoming outdated.

Nuclear Deterrence

Strategy to prevent war through nuclear threat.

Postmodern Warfare

Fluid conflicts moving beyond state-centered warfare.

Hybrid Warfare

Combines military and non-military tactics in conflict.

Grey Zone Tactics

Activities between peace and war, often covert.

Information Operations (IOs)

Use of false narratives to mislead populations.

Strategic Map of War

Framework showing war, grey zone, and peace dynamics.

DIME Framework

Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic instruments of power.

Asymmetrical Warfare

Weaker actors use unconventional tactics against stronger foes.

Virtual Battlefields

Technology-driven environments for modern conflict.

Deep Fakes

Manipulated media used to mislead or deceive.

Social Media Influence

Platforms used for propaganda and disinformation campaigns.

Operations in Information Environment (OIE)

Military actions using information to influence behavior.

Economic Blackmail

Using economic pressure to achieve political objectives.

Cyber Warfare

Use of cyber attacks to disrupt or damage.

Insurgencies

Armed rebellions against established authority.

Collective Threats

Shared risks faced by states globally.

Climate Change Vulnerability

Natural threats impacting global security.

Human Rights as Security

Lack of rights seen as a security threat.

Information Warfare

Manipulation of information to achieve strategic goals.

Fragmentation in Warfare

Diverse actors complicating traditional conflict dynamics.

Political Objectives of Warfare

Goals of war evolve with political understanding.