paper processes (technical principles)

Offset lithography

A paper printing process which is suited to medium-long term runs. Has a constant quality, is expensive to set up, but has long lasting printing plates e.g. magazines, books, posters etc (CMYK)

Flexography

The least expensive paper printing process, it can print a high variety of of substrates and is usually high speed. It is also suited for long runs e.g. newspapers, comics. 4 colour process (CMYK).colours layer on one another to produce a specific colour and shade. Low maintenance. Cost of printing plates is relatively high

Digital printing

A paper printing process used for low or high quality runs, it is high speed and efficient. E.g. business cards or posters. Allows for mass customisation (e.g. names on drink cans). Fast frying ink. Can allow for printing on both sides of paper

Screen printing

A paper printing process used for small batch and one-off production. It has minimal set up costs e.g. t-shirts. Screen printing has open areas that allows ink through - different screen required for a different colour. Can be slow and have a high cost per product made

Embossing (paper)

A paper finishing process which created a raised design on the paper’s surface - tactile effect

Debossing (paper)

A paper finishing process which created an imprinted depression on the paper’s surface

Creasing

A paper forming process which uses the blunt rule in die cutting to create a creased line in the paper

Bending (paper)

A paper forming process which uses a folding table to bend the paper or board on a creased line

Varnishing (paper)- UV and spot

A paper finishing process which coats a paper in clear, non-pigmented ink to enhance the colour. UV- smooth finish, glossy, abrasion and chemical resistant. UV light cures the varnish. Spot- varnish added to specific areas only

Die cutting

A paper forming process which is used to cut nets, when folded becomes 3D shapes. Dies slot between plywood substrate. Material is placed under substrate and press slices material or creases it

Laser cutting (paper)

A paper forming process used to cut, engrave and perforate papers and boards. Good in small scale production. Very accurate

Laminating (paper)

A paper finishing process which either encapsulates (polymer pouch or film roll) or adds a layer to paper to act as protective layer (liquid or film)

Foil blocking

A paper finishing process which uses heat and pressure to apply a metallic foil to papers and boards. Creates depth and texture