Long-term memory and learning

Semantic memory (explicit)

Memory on facts

Episodic meneory (explicit)

Personal experiences

Skill learning

Learning how to make movements

Classical conditioning

Associations between 2 events

Hippocampers

Is associated with episodic memory

Anterograde amnesia

Unable to remember events after brain injury

Retrograde amnesia

Losing memory of events before brain damage

Korsakoff syndrome

Unable to store new memories

Steps for memory recall

To recall episodic memories, the activation of possible areas in sensory cortex that was activated during memory. When these sensory neurons are activated they signal the hippocampus, creating an excitatory connection sending neural activity back and forth

Retrieval cue

Something in the environment that brings a neemory to mind

Entorihinal cortex

Is the gateway to the hippocampus

Information flow through hippocampus

Dendate gyrus → CA3 → CA1

Dendate gyrus and CA3

Involved with making memories similar or distinct

CA1

Is significant for pattern completion

Distributed network

A pattern of neurons that are activated with a specific piece of information

Localist network

When neurons activate for a specific memory, they don't overlap

Place cell

Neurons that fire in a specific environment, region CA1 and CA3

Place field

Specific region of the environment that activates neurons

Cognitive map

Activity of many place neurons that allows the animal to track their location

Concept neurons

Represent information about specific people and things located in hippocampus and surrounding areas

Synaptic plasticity

When neurons activate together, their synapse get stronger

Long-term potentiation

The strengthening of synapseS can last for long period such as months

2 types of glutamate receptors

AMPA and NMDA

AMPA -type

Contains ion channel that opens for Na + when glutamate attaches

NMDA -type

Contains an ion channel, that allows both Na + and Ca ++ to enter when Mg ++ moves out the way

Retrograde Messenger

A chemical that tells prezygotic neuron to release more glutamate in the future

Long-term depression

Weakening of the synapse due to decrease AMPA receptors or release of neurotransmitterS

Adult neurogenesis

New neurons being bora during adulthood

Practing a skill

Can increase the size of motor cortical region to execute those movements

Neuronal assemblies

Groups of neurons that have strong excitatory synaptic connections with each other from long distances

Prefrontal cortex

Highly active during early stages of learning motor skills

Premotor and primary motor cortex

As skills becomes more automatized activity shifts towards this area

Straitum (basal ganglia)

Associated with habitual actions

Cerebellum

Involved with refinement of movements, learning to predict outcomes of motor commands

Forward model

Predicts what will happen in the future

Eyeblink conditioning

A warning stimulus predicts irritating put of air in eyes , learning to blink when warning is seen

Cerebellum

Plays an important role to learn to respond quickly to environment