PUP4024 SAQs

From among the following questions, two will appear on the exam.

1) According to Mancur Olson’s logic, what kind of interest groups are most likely to

overcome the free-rider problem and lobby the government? Why?

According to Mancur Olson’s Logic of Collective Action, small, concentrated interest groups with selective, material benefits are most likely to overcome the free-rider problem. Because the benefits of lobbying (such as subsidies or favorable regulations) are concentrated among few members, each has a strong incentive to contribute to collective action. In contrast, large groups face collective action problems because individuals can enjoy the group’s public goods without participating. Smaller groups can also monitor and enforce participation more easily, ensuring members bear their fair share of lobbying costs.

2) Once a membership-based group has overcome the free-rider problem and has successfully organized for political action, how does the group remain in existence? Why

would it form a niche? What kinds of selective benefits might it offer to members?

After forming, a membership-based group sustains itself by maintaining member engagement and legitimacy through selective benefits and identity reinforcement. Groups often develop a niche—a specialized focus within a broader policy area—to differentiate themselves and retain loyal members. They may offer material benefits (like discounts or publications), solidary benefits (social belonging and networking), or purposive benefits (advancing moral or ideological goals). These incentives keep members invested even when direct political success is uncertain.

3) What are the two goals of outside lobbying? Why would some membership-based interest

groups engage in outside lobbying while others do not, even on the same issue?

Outside lobbying aims to (1) influence public opinion and (2) pressure elected officials indirectly through constituents. Groups with large, engaged memberships or broad public appeal are more likely to use this strategy, as they can mobilize citizens to contact representatives or shape media narratives. Others may avoid outside lobbying because their issues are technical, unpopular, or better addressed through direct (inside) lobbying. Thus, the decision depends on resources, issue salience, and the group’s public reputation.

4) What are at least two reasons why membership-based interest groups might hire lobbyists

who share the characteristics or backgrounds of the groups’ members? Explain the

potential benefits to the group in hiring such a lobbyist.

Groups often hire lobbyists who share members’ characteristics—such as race, religion, occupation, or identity—to strengthen representation and trust. Shared background helps the lobbyist authentically convey the group’s perspective to policymakers and media, enhancing credibility. It can also boost morale and cohesion among members, who feel genuinely represented. Moreover, such lobbyists may have better access to specific social or political networks, improving the group’s influence and legitimacy.