indivs- self- esteem

What is self-esteem?

Self-esteem refers to a person's overall evaluation of their own worth or value.

what are the two types of self-esteem?

Global (general self-worth) and domain-specific (e.g., academic, social, appearance).

Why does self-esteem matter?

It is linked to mental health, motivation, persistence, and social relationships.

What is extremely low self-esteem associated with?

depression and anxiety.

What does Sociometer Theory suggest?

Self-esteem acts as a social gauge reflecting perceived inclusion or exclusion by others.

How does Terror Management Theory relate to self-esteem?

It suggests self-esteem buffers anxiety about death and protects against existential fear.

What are sources of self-esteem?

Social feedback, social comparison, and achievement/competence.

What is the effect of social feedback on self-esteem?

Praise, criticism, acceptance, and rejection can influence self-esteem.

What is the difference between upward and downward social comparisons?

Upward comparisons can lower self-esteem, while downward comparisons can boost it.

What does stability of self-esteem refer to?

Self-esteem has trait-like stability (consistent over time) and state fluctuations (changes across situations).

What are characteristics of high self-esteem?

Confidence, persistence, better coping with stress, but can be defensive or narcissistic.

What are characteristics of low self-esteem?

Self-doubt, sensitivity to criticism, greater risk of depression, but can motivate self-improvement.

How does self-esteem influence behavior?

It influences risk-taking, aggression (especially when threatened), and relationship behavior.

What is narcissism?

Narcissism involves grandiosity, entitlement, and need for admiration, and is not the same as healthy self-esteem.

How do cultural perspectives affect self-esteem?

Western cultures emphasize high self-esteem, while collectivist cultures emphasize self-improvement and harmony.

What are effective approaches to boosting self-esteem?

Skill development, realistic goal setting, and supportive social environments are more effective than praise alone.

What are critiques of focusing excessively on self-esteem?

It may promote narcissism and undermine effort and resilience.

What is a key takeaway about self-esteem?

Self-esteem is shaped by social relationships and culture, and improving competence and connection is more effective than empty praise.

upward vs downward social comparison

upward comparison is judging yourself against those you see as better (motivating but risky)

downward comparison is judging against those worse off (comforting but potentially complacent)