indivs- self- esteem

What is self-esteem?

Self-esteem refers to a person's overall evaluation of their own worth or value.

What are the two types of self-esteem?

Global (general self-worth) and domain-specific (e.g., academic, social, appearance).

Why does self-esteem matter?

It is linked to mental health, motivation, persistence, and social relationships.

What is extremely low self-esteem associated with?

Depression and anxiety.

What does Sociometer Theory suggest?

Self-esteem acts as a social gauge reflecting perceived inclusion or exclusion by others.

How does Terror Management Theory relate to self-esteem?

It suggests self-esteem buffers anxiety about death and protects against existential fear.

What are sources of self-esteem?

Social feedback, social comparison, and achievement/competence.

What is the effect of social feedback on self-esteem?

Praise, criticism, acceptance, and rejection can influence self-esteem.

What is the difference between upward and downward social comparisons?

Upward comparisons can lower self-esteem, while downward comparisons can boost it.

What does stability of self-esteem refer to?

Self-esteem has trait-like stability (consistent over time) and state fluctuations (changes across situations).

What are characteristics of high self-esteem?

Confidence, persistence, better coping with stress, but can be defensive or narcissistic.

What are characteristics of low self-esteem?

Self-doubt, sensitivity to criticism, greater risk of depression, but can motivate self-improvement.

How does self-esteem influence behavior?

It influences risk-taking, aggression (especially when threatened), and relationship behavior.

What is narcissism?

Narcissism involves grandiosity, entitlement, and need for admiration, and is not the same as healthy self-esteem.

How do cultural perspectives affect self-esteem?

Western cultures emphasize high self-esteem, while collectivist cultures emphasize self-improvement and harmony.

What are effective approaches to boosting self-esteem?

Skill development, realistic goal setting, and supportive social environments are more effective than praise alone.

What are critiques of focusing excessively on self-esteem?

It may promote narcissism and undermine effort and resilience.

What is a key takeaway about self-esteem?

Self-esteem is shaped by social relationships and culture, and improving competence and connection is more effective than empty praise.