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It includes a wide variety of languages used to communicate with computers.
Programming languages are a subset of _________.
Computer Language
TWO GROUPS OF COMPUTER LANGUAGE
High-level languages and Low-level languages
designed to be easier to use, more abstract, and more portable than low-level languages.
high-level languages
are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration.
Low-level languages
The term low level means_____ to the way in which the machine has been built.
closeness
Low-level languages are further classified into?
Machine Language and Assembly Language.
is the lowest form of computer language and the only language that is directly understood by the computer.
Machine Language (also called machine code)
Machine language is nothing but numeric codes written as strings of _____ and _____.
0’s(zero) and 1’s(one).
it is the most efficient language for computers.
Machine Language
essentially a symbolic version of machine language.
Assembly Language
In Assembly language, Each operation code is given a symbolic code such as ____ and _____
ADD for addition and MUL for multiplication.
In assembly language each line of the program corresponds to ____instruction in machine code.
one (1)
programming languages that look like natural language text (their construct is closer to human language) and are so-called because they are independent of the particular computer.
High-level languages
Characteristics of High-level languages:
Codes (statements) usually resemble__________and these languages tend to be easier to learn and understand than a low-level language.
English sentences or mathematical expressions
Characteristics of High-level languages:
A single statement in a high-level language is translated into its ______.
equivalent machine code instructions
A computer can only understand programs written in machine code.
Program Translators
To run a program written with a higher-level language, it has to be _____. This process is done through the use of program translators.
Translated into its machine code equivalent
There are _____ classifications of system software used for translating programs from a high-level to its low-level equivalent.
3
3 classifications of system software are used for translating programs from high-level to their low-level equivalent.
high level language ----> program translator ----> Machine code
It transforms high-level language-written source code into a particular computer’s machine or assembly language code.
Compiler
A program that is specifically used to translate assembly language source codes into machine language.
Assembler
An assembler takes____(assembly language instructions) and directly converts them to ___ (operation codes/machine codes) straightforwardly.
mnemonic codes and opcodes
Assembler examples include:
MASM, TASM, NASM, and FASM.
A program that directly executes a source code.
Interpreter
It reads the source code one line at a time and then executes it: no object code is produced, and so the program has to be interpreted each time it is ran.
Interpreter
This is the lowest level of programming language. Instructions and data are in the form of machine language. Only binary numbers are used (zeros and ones)
First-Generation Programming Language
The _______are still considered low-level programming languages, though there is a significant improvement in terms of coding ease. Assembly language belongs to this generation.
Second-Generation Programming Language
High-level programming language. Instructions were written using English-like keywords.
Third-Generation Programming Language
Dubbed as a very high-level programming language, fourth-generation programming languages took advantage of the computer’s multimedia processing in program development.
Fourth-Generation Programming Language
languages were used initially in artificial intelligence applications. It aimed at computers to solve problems with little or without intervention from the programmers.
Fifth-Generation Programming Language
A ____ is a fundamental style of computer programming.
programming paradigm
There are four main paradigms:
Object-Oriented Programming Imperative Programming Functional Programming Logic Programming
creating objects as program components.
Object-Oriented Programming
uses a series of terms or statements to solve a problem.
Imperative Programming
treats programming as the evaluation of mathematical functions.
Functional Programming
implements logical statements as the body of code.
Logic Programming
A list of instructions for carrying out a process step-by-step
Algorithm
Two kind of algorithm
Pseudocode Flowchart
in pseudocode Read symbol is?
in pseudocode OUTPUT symbol is? (this is different from what we know from the class of sir Jan)
Notation Commonly Used in Flowcharting
a software, which makes a computer to actually work. It is the software that enables all the programs we use.
Operating System
The OS organizes and controls the____. OS acts as an ____ between the application programs and the machine hardware.
hardware and interface
OPERATING SYSTEMS DOES?
Control and allocate memory
Prioritizing system requests,
Control input, and output devices,
Facilitate networking, and
Manage file systems.
functioned without any operating system.
Single-user system(directly operates the computer) programmer/User as operator
Paper tape or punched cards
Preparing a computer for a single user usually requires a considerable amount of time.
Early Systems - Bare Machine (the 1950s)
_____Operating Systems are those which Perform all the instructions in a Sequence Manner
Instructions that are given by the user will be executed by using the FIFO Manner means First in First Out.
All the Instructions that are Entered First in the System will be Executed First and the Instructions that are Entered Later Will be Executed Later.
Serial Processing
Reduce setup time by batching jobs with similar requirements.
Add a card reader, Hire an operator
The operator groups similar jobs together and executes them sequentially.
A batch is entered into the computer and software called the supervisor
Need to distinguish job from job and data from the program.
Batch Processing (1960’s)
is a technique to execute a number of programs simultaneously by a single processor.
Multiprogramming
is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
Time-sharing, or multitasking,
In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is called a_____.
“Time-sharing System”
This type is the most popular among operating systems.
These are operating systems that are commonly installed on personal computers and notebooks.
The purpose of these operating systems is to allow users to run word processors, spreadsheets, internet browsers, video games, and other types of programs conveniently.
Personal Computer Operating Systems
A server is a computer that provides services to other computers in a computer network.
The server can be a high-end workstation or a simple personal computer.
A server operating system allows users to share and access different computer resources such as printers and disk drives.
Server Operating Systems
These are operating systems installed on small electronic devices such as watches and mobile phones, to larger machines such as cars and airplanes.
Embedded Operating Systems
it handles heavy input-output operations and execute multiple jobs at the same time.
Mainframe Operating Systems
Compact operating systems running on smart cards.
A smart card is a card containing a tiny CPU chip for processing and data storage (thus the term ‘smart’).
Examples of smart cards include ATMs and credit cards.
Smart Card Operating Systems
The modern operating system uses two interfaces, the ____ and the ____
command-line interface (CLI) and Graphical User interface (GUI).
also known as the command interpreter uses a prompt for users to enter commands through the keyboard.
Command-line interface
An operating system implements and uses graphical symbols such as forms, menus, and cons for users to perform common computer operations.
Compared to CLI, this interface provides a much more user-friendly environment for users to work on.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A collection of numbers together with operations on those numbers and the properties that the operation satisfies
Number System
a writing system for expressing numbers using digits or symbols in a constant manner
a way to represent numbers
Number System
Different numeration system used by different cultures?
Tally Number System Babylonian Numeration System Egyptian Number System
simplest number system ever used
making use of single stroke to represent objects
Tally Number System
used only two symbols to represent a one and a ten
used to measure time and angles
Babylonian Numeration System
uses symbols such as man, pointing-finger, fish heel bone, lotus flower, to represent numbers that are the power of ten
Egyptian Number System
method of counting that uses only one symbol – has the same value regardless of its position
Non-positional Number System
symbols have different values depending on their position in the number
values are determined through: the digit itself, the position of the digit in the number, the base of the number system
Positional Number System
determines how many times a digit will be multiplied by itself on its position radix point (decimal point) divides the whole numbers from fractional numbers
Power
Number System Commonly Used in the Field of Computing
Decimal System (base 10) Binary System (base 2) Octal System (base 8) Hexadecimal System (base 16)
Defines the number of symbols used in the number system
Base 10 (Decimal) – 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9Base 2 (Binary) – 0,
Indicated by a subscript .
Radix or Base
The digit that has the greatest effect on the value of the number
Most Significant Digit (MSD)
The digit that has the least effect on the value of the number
Least Significant Digit (LSD)
Commonly Used Number Systems in Computing
Decimal (N10) Binary (N2 ) Octal (N8 ) Hexadecimal (N16)
how to compute for Non-Decimal to Decimal (n2,n8,n16 ---> n10)
multiply the given by its base
how to compute Decimal To Non-Decimal (n10 --->n12)
divide the given from its base and the remainder is the answer
group the binary from groups containing a 3 numbers per groups and add the binary who has value in its 2nd power equivalent
Non-Decimal to Another NonDecimal Base ( n8--->n10)
since there is no direct conversion from ocatl to hexa.
you will need first to convert the octal to binary and conver the binary to hexa
Addition in Different Number Systems
The addition of numbers (in any base) follows a common rule. We just take note of the base of the numbers being added. We take for example the addition of decimal numbers (base 10) 563 and 347. Observe that if the sum of the digits is greater than or equal to the base of the numbers, we subtract the base from the sum and a carry is produced.
Subtraction in Different Number Systems
Rule: The base of the number system is important in subtraction. When we borrow, we subtract 1 from the preceeding digit but we add the value of the base to the borrowing digit.
Note 
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