Geography Natural Hazards

What happens on a destructive margin?

One plate subducts under another

What types of plate do you find on a destructive margin?

One of each

In which direction do the plates move on a destructive margin?

Towards each other

Do you get volcanoes, earthquakes or both on a destructive margin?

Both

What type of volcanoes are formed on a destructive margin?

Composite

What are eruptions like on a destructive margin?

Not very often and violent

In which direction do the plates move on a constructive margin?

Away from each other

What types of plate do you find on a constructive margin?

Two of the same

Do you get volcanoes, earthquakes or both on a constructive margin?

Both

What type of volcanoes are formed on a constructive margin?

Shield

What are eruptions like on a constructive margin?

Frequent but mild

What happens on a constructive margin?

Lava cools to form volcanic rock

In which direction do the plates move on a conservative margin?

Past each other at differing speeds

What types of plate do you find on a conservative margin?

Any

Do you get volcanoes, earthquakes or both on a conservative margin?

Earthquakes

What happens on a collision margin?

Plates are pushed up to form fold mountains

In which direction do the plates move on a collision margin?

Towards each other

What types of plate do you find on a collision margin?

2 continental

Do you get volcanoes, earthquakes or both on a collision margin?

Earthquakes

Example of a destructive margin?

Nazca and South-American

Example of a constructive margin?

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Example of a conservative margin?

San Andreas Fault

Example of a collision margin?

The Himalayas

What are convection currents?

Currents of heat within the mantle

Where does ridge push happen?

Constructive margins

Where does slab pull happen?

Destructive margins

How thick is the crust?

5 - 70km

How thick is the mantle?

2900km

How thick is the outer core?

2200km

How thick is the inner core?

1200km

What's the temperature of the crust?

400 degrees

What's the temperature of the mantle?

4000 degrees

What's the temperature of the outer core?

5500 degrees

What's the temperature of the inner core?

Above 5500 degrees

What material is the crust made of?

Solid rock

What material is the mantle made of?

Semi-solid rock

What material is the outer core made of?

Liquid iron and nickel

What material is the inner core made of?

Solid iron and nickel

Where are there most volcanoes and earthquakes?

Pacific Ring of Fire

What is a natural hazard?

A natural event that has the potential to harm both life and property

What are the 2 types of natural hazards?

Atmospheric and geophysical

What 4 factors affect hazard risk?

Farming, urbanisation, poverty and climate change

What plates does Chile border on?

South American and Nazca

What plates does Nepal border on?

Indo-Australian and Eurasian

What’s the GDP of Chile in 2010?

£13,600

What’s the GDP of Nepal in 2015?

£1071

What’s the HDI of Chile in 2010?

41st of 187

What’s the HDI of Nepal in 2015?

145th of 187

When was the earthquake in Chile?

27th Feb 2010 3:35am

When was the earthquake in Nepal?

25th April 2015 11:35am

What was the magnitude of the Chile earthquake?

8.8

What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?

7.9

How long did the Chile earthquake last?

3 mins

How long did the Nepal earthquake last?

50 secs

Where was the epicentre of the Chile earthquake?

90km from Concepcion

Where was the epicentre of the Nepal earthquake?

80km from Kathmandu

How deep was the focus of the Chile earthquake?

35km

How deep was the focus of the Nepal earthquake?

15km

What caused the Chile earthquake?

Nazca subducts under South American plate - destructive

What caused the Nepal earthquake?

Indo-Australian plate colliding with Eurasian plate - collision

How many emergency shelters were built in Chile?

30,000

How long did it take for Chile to fully recover?

4 years

What countries provided water, medical and financial support to Nepal?

UK, India and China

How long did it take for Nepal to fully recover?

5-10 years

What were primary effects of the Chile earthquake?

800,000 people affected, airports damaged, many lost power and water

What were primary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

Over 8 million affected, 3 million homeless, supplies cut off

What were secondary effects of the Chile earthquake?

Tsunamis, landslides and fires

What were secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

Landslides and avalanches

What are immediate responses?

reaction of people as the disaster happens and the immediate aftermath

What are long term responses?

later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event

Why do people choose to live in areas of risk?

In poverty, favourable areas, effective monitoring, fertile soil

Why do people in Iceland benefit from living on a plate margin?

Hot water supply provides hydroelectric power.

What does MP3 stand for?

Monitoring, protection, planning and prediction

Which cell is closest to the equator?

Hadley cell

Which cell is nearest the poles?

Polar cell

Which cell is in between the Hadley and Polar?

Ferrel cell

Does the Polar cell have high or low pressure?

Low

Does the Ferrel cell have high or low pressure?

High

Does the Hadley cell have high or low pressure?

Low

What is the air like in the Polar cell?

Rising warm, moist air

What is the air like in the Ferrel cell?

Descending cool, dry air

What is the air like in the Hadley cell?

Rising warm, moist air

What is differential heating?

different parts of the world are hotter than others

How do the polar regions stay cold?

The albedo effect, because of all the white