Human Development Exam #2

6 Infant Behavioral States

1. Quiet/Deep sleep

2. Active sleep

3. Quietly alert

4. Actively alert

5. Drowsy

6. Crying

Quiet/Deep Sleep

• Baby’s peaceful

  • no body or eye movement

  • head to side

Drowsy

• Eyes open and close

  • glazed eyes

  • good time for intervention to return to sleep state

Active Sleep

• REM

  • highest % of sleep (half)

  • eyes open and close

  • body move a lot

  • info processing and storage

  • irregular breathing

Quietly Alert

• Eyes wide open

  • taking in a lot of information

  • good time to feed

Actively Alert

• Most active

  • easily over stimulated

  • very sensitive

  • intervene

Crying

• Direct communication for help

  • fussy

Which of the 6 infant behavioral states is associated with REM sleep?

ACTIVE SLEEP

Why is REM sleep important in babies?

Basic Reflex Arc (simple basic reflex drawing given lecture)

• Spinal cord

  • hardwired, automatic, unlearned!!

  • inborn, unconscious

  • 90% of reflexes

S: sensory
A: afferent (input)
M: motor
E: efferent (output)

S.A.M.E

What are the criteria for a reflex being a reflex?

• unconscious

• unlearned

• unvoluntary

• automatic response to stimulus

Survival Reflexes

Clear adaptive value!!

• Permanent

  • breathing (medulla oblongata)

  • eye blink (defensive, protection)

  • pupillary (constrict/ dilate)

• Early Life

  • rooting

  • sucking

  • swallowing

Survival Reflex Examples (stimulus trigger and motor response)

1. Rooting: touch cheek

   • turns towards touch stimulus

   • baby orients to breast or bottle

2. Sucking: touch, stroke roof of mouth or lips

   • suck

3. Swallowing: food, liquid, saliva reaches the back of mouth

   • muscles contract

   • airway closes (epiglottis)

Primitive Reflexes

NO clear adaptive value!! Evolutionary

• Moro (startle)

• Babinski

• Grasping

• Diving (swimming)

Primitive Reflex Examples (stimulus trigger and motor response)

1. Moro: baby falling

   • will throw out arms to side, and arms come back in

2. Babinski: stroke side of foot

   • foot flexes and toes spread out

3. Grasping: feels something in palms

   • close hand around object

4. Diving/ Swimming: submerge/ contact with water

   • flailing, kicking arms and legs

   • curious, wandering eyes

   • hold breath

   • heart rate slows

What did Myrtle McGraw do (video)?

(catch babies learning new skills, and how they did it)

Motor development

• dunk baby in water to see if could swim

• Johnny learned how to roller skate at 13 months

  • outperformed twin on most physical activity

  • BUT he did not pass him up in normal things like standing and walking

• baby learned to jump

• how babies learn to control their kicking and how to use their arms

• discovered swimming reflex!!

Dynamic Systems Approach

• Maturation: genes, hormones

• Learning: experiences

  • Interaction between experiences AND genes!!

  • laws of motion, body size, muscle strength, coordination task and environmental factors

Who is Esther Thelen? Theory Definition. What 5 things does her theory day?

• Dynamic Systems Theory

  • more complex motor behavior emerges overtime through a “self-organizing’ process

  • children use sensory feedback to modify their motor behavior in adaptive ways

  • (Ever changing system!!)

• An infant is…

  1. motivated by a goal

  2. constrained by current body limitation

  3. actively putting together movement skills

  4. use perception to fine-tine movements

  5. continually improving skills through perception and action

What does your text say about babies about navigating slanted walkways/ handrails?

• recognize that handrails are studier

• bent their knees and kept upper bodies stiffly upright to keep their balance

• recognized it was too steep for safe travel

• either avoided it or scooted down

• look to moms for advice

• those with more walking experience did better

How many falls a day do toddlers have?

100

Orthogenetic

• general > specific/ specialized

• simple > complex

  • ex: moves whole body, extends one arm, grasps bottle with hand

  • skill progresses in an orderly fashion, predictable

Cephalocaudal

• Head to tail

• body control/ growth starts from top to bottom

  1. lifts head before controlling trunk to turn (2-3 m)

  2. sits up before controlling legs to walk (3-4 m)

Proximodistal

• Center/ midline of body outwards

  • trunk > arms > fingers

  • ex: moves arm and legs before pincer grasp

Motor Milestones: lifts head while lying on stomach

2-3 months (cephalocaudal)

cones mature

Motor Milestones: rolls over

3-4 months

Motor Milestones: ulnar grasp

4-6 months

Motor Milestones: sit wo support, crawling, stands holding on

6-10 months

Motor Milestones: ‘reliably see’ pincer grasp, walks holding on

1 year

Motor Milestones: walks well alone

14 months

Motor Milestones: scribbles with a crayon / construct a tower of blocks

16 months

Motor Milestones: walks up steps

20 months

Motor Milestones: run in a straight line and skipping

run: 3 years

ski4p: 5 years

Motor Milestones: kicks ball forward

24 months

Motor Milestones: use household tools

9 years

Motor Milestones: Is there such a thing as ‘throwing like a girl’?

• YES LOL

  • by 13 girls throw at 38.5 mph, boys 53.5 mph

  • could be due to nurture, muscle mass, etc

Know height & weight changes across the lifespan

• Birth

  • 7-7.5 lbs

  • 20 inches

• 2 Years

  • 50% of adult height

  • 27-30 lbs

• Newborn → 2 years

  • 1 oz/ day

  • 1 inch/ month

• 2 years → puberty

  • 2-3 inches a year

  • 5-6 lbs a year

Whose growth spurt occurs first?

• Female!

  • girls 12

  • boys 14

Puberty, (see sexual maturation p. 120-124)

Adrenarche

• Development of the adrenal glands

  • starts around 6-8

  • production of adrenal androgens

Menarche

• female

• first menstrual period

Semenarche

• male

• first ejaculation

Androgens/testosterone

Estrogen/progesterone

Menopause (p.130)

Andropause

Sensation

• Detection of physical energy by sensory receptors

  • based on properties of object

  • “Bottom-up processing”

Bottom-up processing

• Starts at entry level

  • based on properties of stimulus!!

  • signals coming UP TO BRAIN

Transduction

Changing energy from one form to another

Perception. 3 Jobs?

• Selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory info!

  • enables recognition

  • meaning to objects/ events

  • “top-down processing”

1. Figure-ground perception

   • Distinguish things, determine background

2. Depth

   • Locate objects in 3D space

3. Understand

   • Interpret, meaning

Top-down processing

• Influences on perception

• Rules brain uses to INTERPRET sensory input

• interpret what’s already out there

  • Gestalt Theory:

    • “percept”

    • unified whole

  • contours

  • grouping rules

Habituation

• Decreased response to stimuli

  • learning to be bored, lose interest

  • stimulus discrimination

Preferential Looking/ Visual Preference method

• 2 objects presented together

  • looks longer at one, showing a preference

  • indicates they can tell difference between the objects

Visual/lens Accommodation (p. 143). & Acuity

ACCOMMODATION

• Ability to change shape of lens

  • brings objects into focus

  • sharper vision

ACUITY

• Sharpness

  • ability to perceive detail

  • done by cones

What is visual acuity at birth and 1 month?

• Birth

  • NO lens accommodation

  • focus objects only 8-12 inches from face

  • POOR

  • 20/400

  • can perceive different colors but not shades of the same!

• 1 Month

  • 20/120

3 Functions of Reflexes

1. Positive

2. Diagnostic

3. Negative

Functions of Reflexes: Positive

neonatal survival

adult automation

• Ex: Asymmetric tonic neck

  • turn head and neck to right!!

  • extension of right arm and leg

  • flexion of left arm and leg

Functions of Reflexes: Diagnostic

Appears on time

Disappears on time

• should disappear, be overridden or integrated into voluntary motor pattern

• if still there, could have developmental delays, abnormalities, head injury

  • Babinski

  • Extensor

  • Flexor

Schedule of Disappearance

Diagnostic Reflex Function

Functions of Reflexes: Negative

May interfere with motor development

• Ex: Extensor Thrust Reflex

  • pushing down with feet

  • uncontrolled leg extension

  • extends trunk

When can babies perceive a ‘meaningful face’?

• 2-3 months

• familiar faces

• prefer human faces

• not just patterns, something with significance

What are some properties of faces that infants like? (p. 144-145).

• Contours

  • light/ dark edges

  • bold patterns, sharp contrast

• Complexity

  • movement

  • moderate

• Faces

  • normal faces

Fantz’s experiment on infant visual perception (video & text p.143-144)

Fantz’s Experiment: What did they babies prefer to look at (most to least)?

???

Fantz’s Experiment: Patterns/What level of complexity (p. 144 & lecture)?

Moderate complexity

Fantz’s Experiment: Figure/ground

Fantz’s Experiment: Contour

• light, dark edges

• bold patterns

• sharp contrast

Fantz’s Experiment: What is common motion, at what age can babies use it to help identify contour figure?

• 4 months

• Cue to the “wholeness” of the object

  • all parts of an object should move in the same direction

  • Ex: Dalmatian video (even though the dog matches the background, you could still see it moving)

When does brightness detection mature?

2-3 months

• (detects 5% of change at 5 months)

When does color detection mature?

2-3 months

• cones mature

• can perceives SHADES of color now!

When does exploring interior of figures mature?

2-3 months

When does visual acuity/accommodation mature?

6 months- 1 year

Depth Perception

• Monocular cues to depth

  • change in image size on retina

  • larger size = takes up more space on retina

• Size constancy

  • perceive objects as same size despite change in distance from the eyes

• trouble with steps, curbs, parking, etc

What as the visual cliff? Know the visual cliff by Gibson & Walk and by Campos.

• Campos

  • 2 months

  • perceives/ detects depth!!

  • heartrate slowed (cardiac orienting)

• Gibson & Walk

  • 6-7 months

  • FEAR of drop off

  • wouldn’t continue

When do babies perceive the visual cliff? When do they fear it?

• Campos

  • 2 months

  • perceives a difference, interest

• Gibson & Walk

  • 6-7 months

  • fear of drop off

Cross Modal Matching/ Perception (p.157)

The ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or a pattern of stimuli already familiar through another modality.

• Recognize through 2nd sense

  • ex: draw on someone’s back and they know what it is

• Meltzof & Borton

  • pacifier discrimination

  • prefers bumpy textured pacifier

What ‘problem’ put infants at risk for visual development problems (p.152)?

????

The ‘sticky mittens experiment showed what was important in developing reaching behaviors, exploratory behavior and focused attention (p.152)

• sticky hands

• realized things were staying in hands????????

What are ‘sleeper effects?

• Delayed effect of an earlier experience

• Delayed outcomes later in life

  • ex: effect of early deprivation of visual stimulation.

Hearing acuity at birth – can babies hear before birth?

• Can hear before birth

  • Orient to soft sounds (trapezoid body)

  • Startle and retreat from loud ones

• Recognize/prefer mother’s voice

• Biologically prepared for speech

  • Recognize ALL phonemes at birth

What helped premature babies develop a larger auditory cortex?

• played womb noises

What was associated with a better feeding outcome?

Mother’s voice (even if not physically present)

What story was used in the DeCasper & Spence experiment to test the effect of the mother’s voice experience prenatally (p. 149)?

• Anthony DeCasper and Melanie Spence (1986) had mothers recite of Dr. Seuss’s The Cat in the Hat many times during the last 6 weeks of their pregnancies

• At birth, infants were tested to see if they’d suck more to hear the story they heard before birth or a different story.

• Remarkably, they preferred the familiar story.

• recognized mom’s voice

• PROFESSOR: “Horton Hears a Who!!”

Can our early experience with foods leave us with lasting taste preferences (p.150)? Does this apply to what the mother eats in breastfed babies (p.150)?

yes and yes!!!

Olfactory capability at 1 wk – what babies can best identify their mothers by smell?

????

Development of attention (infancy to adolescence)

• Newborn: attention captured by movements and sound

• 2-3 years: 18 minutes

• 4 years: can ignore intermittent (not constant) distraction

• 6 years: 1 hour, more systematic

• Adolescents: 3-4 hours, filter, multitask

Development of attention (infancy to adolescence): Divided Attention

• Adolescents can also divide their attention more systemically between 2 tasks

Development of attention (infancy to adolescence): Selective Attention

• Deliberately concentrating on one thing and ignoring something else

Older adults had problems with processing what kinds of visual information (p. 169)?

What happens to ‘sensory thresholds’ with increased age (p. 164)?

• they INCREASE

Other changes in vision with age (p. 164-167).

• Reduced ability to produce tears

• Increased curvature of cornea

  • scatters intraocular light

  • glare

• Depth perception problems

Presbyopia (what causes it p. 166 & Table 5.3, p 165 & lecture)

• Problem with NEAR vision

• Can’t see close up

• Loss of accommodation

  • stiff lens

  • need glasses

Cataracts

• Lens get cloudy, opaque, thick

• Protein change

  • distorted vision

Glaucoma. Symptoms. 3 Tests.

• Damage to optic nerve

  • pressure due to fluid buildup in anterior chamber of eye

  • genetic

  • increased chance with aging

• SYMPTOMS:

  • gradual loss of peripheral vision

  • pain, blurry, headache

  • halos around light

1. Tonometry

2. Opthalmoscpy

3. Perimetry

AMD

• Age-related Macular Degeneration

  • loss of central/ middle vison!!

  • impacts daily life

  • large prints and audio helps

Ptosis

drooping eyelids

What about glare - what is dark adaptation?

Hearing in adulthood and aging

Decibels

how loud a sound is

Tinnitus

• Condition caused by exposure to high noise levels

  • ringing in ears

  • can last for days, weeks, indefinitely