Biology 2240 SP25 Lecture Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from Biology 2240 SP25 Lecture notes.

The __ system is responsible for the filtration of blood to remove metabolic waste, transportation of urine, and storage of urine.

Urinary

The four main components of the urinary system anatomy are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and _.

urethra

The right kidney is slightly __ than the left kidney, due to presence of the liver.

lower

The __ side of the kidneys is convex, while the medial side is concave and contains the renal hilum.

lateral

The __ is the outer tissue that holds fat and the kidney in place.

renal fascia

The __ fat capsule includes the fat surrounding the kidney.

perirenal (or perinephric)

__ is the descent of the kidney more than two vertebral bodies when moving from supine to standing, usually occurring on the right side.

Nephroptosis

The __ is the superficial glandular layer of the kidney that contains nephrons and blood vessels.

renal cortex

The __ is deep to the cortex and includes renal pyramids, which contain collecting ducts and capillaries.

renal medulla

__ are extensions of the renal cortex that separate each renal pyramid.

Renal columns

The __ is a funnel-shaped tube that eventually becomes the ureter.

renal pelvis

__ are cup-shaped areas at the distal end of each renal pyramid.

Minor calyces

__ are broad-shaped areas where minor calyces come together.

Major calyces

Paired renal arteries branch from the abdominal _.

aorta

Paired renal veins drain into the __.

inferior vena cava

The __ renal vein is a little longer because the abdominal aorta is on the left.

left

The correct order of blood flow through Kidney: Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobar artery → __ artery → Cortical radiate artery.

Arcuate

__ carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Ureters

The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that temporarily urine.

stores

The internal triangular area outlined by openings for ureters and urethra is the __.

trigone

The mucosa (lining) of the bladder can fold, creating __, which helps with expansion and contraction.

rugae

For males, the urinary bladder is anterior to the _.

rectum

For females, the urinary bladder is anterior and inferior to the _.

uterus

The female urethra is shorter, approximately 3-4 cm in length, making it __ for women to get a urinary tract infection.

easier

The male urethra is approximately 20 cm in length with three parts: the prostatic urethra, the __ urethra, and the spongy urethra.

membranous or intermediate

The __ urethral sphincter is smooth muscle at the bladder-urethra junction, controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

internal

The __ urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra and is part of the pelvic diaphragm.

external

The kidneys regulate solute and ion concentrations, blood volume and pressure, acid-base balance, and produce __ and other hormones.

renin

__ are the functional units of the kidneys that filter blood and allow for substances to move into and out of blood during urine creation.

Nephrons

Nephrons are made up of the: Renal corpuscle, Renal tubule and __.

Collecting ducts

The __ is a fenestrated capillary fed by the afferent arterioles and drained by the efferent arteriole.

glomerulus

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the first portion of the tubule that connects to the __ and is in the renal cortex.

glomerular capsule

The __ is the middle portion of the tubule and is a U-shaped loop located in the renal cortex and medulla; descending limb, Loop of Henle, Ascending limb.

nephron loop

The __ is the last portion of the tubule connected to the nephron loop and collecting duct and is in the renal cortex.

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

__ collects and concentrates filtrate from several nephrons.

Collecting ducts

The macula densa has chemoreceptors to sense __.

NaCl

Granular (juxtaglomerular) cells sense blood pressure (stretch) in afferent arteriole and release __.

renin

In cortical nephrons, the __ surrounds the renal tubule.

peritubular capillary

In juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillary and __ surround the renal tubule.

vasa recta

The Blood vessels associated with the Renal Corpuscle: Afferent Arteriole, and Efferent Arteriole.

Glomerulus

The Blood vessels associated with the Renal Tubule: Peritubular capillaries and __.

Vasa recta

The Three Basic Steps of Urine Formation: 1.Glomerular filtration, 2. Tubular reabsorption and 3. __.

Tubular secretion

MAP must be __ enough for capillary exchange in the kidney.

high

__ is the volume of filtrate formed each minute by the combined activity of all nephrons in the kidneys.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

In Tubular reabsorption, __ of glucose, sodium ions…

100%

The loop of Henle - Ascending limb - __ only.

Na+, Cl- , K+

Increase Blood glucose levels increase, and insulin cannot reduce them leads to __.

Diabetes Mellitus

The Vasa recta preserves the __.

osmotic gradient

In the Distal Convoluted Tubule & Collecting Duct, the hormones that regulates tubular reabsorption and secretion: Aldosterone, ADH and __.

Parathyroid

Aldosterone regulates tubular reabsorption and secretion to: __ of Na+, H2O, HCO3- and Secretion of K+.

Reabsorption

In Systemic Blood Pressure Regulation, the Granular cells at the juxtaglomerular complex release __.

renin

In Systemic Blood Pressure Regulation, the Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), produced by the lung, converts Angiotensin I into __.

Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II has two processes: 1. Vasoconstriction of arteries and 2. It targets the adrenal cortex to release __.

aldosterone

To analyze urine (Urinalysis) detect Specific gravity, pH, Blood, Leukocytes, Protein, Ketone and __.

Bilirubin

In the male reproductive system the are primary organs produces sex cells and Secrete Hormones, whereas in females the are primary organs.

Testes, Ovaries

The male Primary Sex Organ are Testes and the female the counterpart Organ are the __.

Ovaries

Where sperm and testosterone are produced: The __.

Testes

The scrotum keeps testes ~__ ºF below body temperature.

2-3

Wrinkles skin when contracted: muscle.

Dartos

Pull scrotum up: __ muscles.

Cremaster

Develop retroperitoneally in the abdominal cavity and descend into the scrotal sac: __.

Testes

Seminiferous Tubules, Spermatogenic cells undergo cell division (__) to create sperm cells with ½ the genetic material of somatic cells.

meiosis

Seminiferous Tubules, Sustentocytes, or Sustentacular cells surround and support __.

spermatogenic cells

Seminiferous Tubules, Myoid cells contract to __ through the tubules.

move substances

Seminiferous tubules merge into a larger set of tubules is called __.

rete testis

Developed sperm are stored in the __ until ejaculation.

tail

The spermatic cord (External Structures of the Male Repro. System ) includes the skin and muscle that surround the ductus deferens,testicular artery and __.

pampiniform venous plexus

Where are the Sperm Temporally stores Sperm:__.

Ductus deferens

70% of seminal fluid comes from: __.

Seminal vesicles

The prostate encircles the __ inferior to the urinary bladder, produces 30% of seminal fluid and enzyme to liquefy semen.

urethra

Acessory Glands of the Male Repro. System Bulbourethral glands, Produces thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal, Lubricates the __ during arousal and Alkaline to clean the urethra before ejaculation.

glans penis

Development of Sperm called __.

Spermatogenesis

Increase # of cell happens due to Mitosis- Increase #__.

of cell

During Spermantogenesis, Meiosis1- ½ the DNA means sister chromatids separate happens with __.

Meiosis 2

In Sperm Anatomy, the head – Nucleus contains DNA, Helmet-like __ contains enzymes that can penetrate the oocyte’s outer protective layer.

acrosome

In Sperm Anatomy, the tail or __ provides motility.

flagellum

The Effect is hypothalamus secretes Gonadotropin-releasing h (GRH) to release Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and__ Luteinizing hormone targets ?

LH

Contraceptives for men aims to prevent movement of sperm into Female Reproduction Systems therefore they need to increase hormone of __.

Testosterone

Erection is an example of Parasympathetic (__/digest) vasodil., artery size increase Blood is maintained.

rest

Normal sperm count is __ million sperm/ml.

20-150

Where ova (oocytes or eggs), progesterone, and estrogen are produced:__.

Ovaries

Small, almond-shaped organs attached to the uterus laterally by the ovarian ligament: __.

the ovaries

Ovarian Follicles contains Oocyte + ?

Follicle cell

The passageway for the oocyte to the uterus, fertilisation is called __.

Uterine tube

Where Fertilisation occurs on the fallopian tube which will be the most close part to the ovaries:__.

Fimbriae

A hallow organ that has a endometrium tissue with a superficial, deep and internal structure and it can be the sight fro an embryo: __.

uterus

Hormonal process of Oogenesis is started due to pituitary hormone called __.

LH

For Both Females and males the supporting muscle for the External structures called __.

Bulbospongiosum

Oogonia Undergo Mitosis then turn into Primordial then it will create __.

oocytes

To create stem cells of female egg division called __.

Mitosis Cell Division

For the Meiosis development the female body will stall Metaphase II but for Male that would be called as __.

anaphase

A primary oocyte = secondary. secondary oocyte = it is called __.

menopause

Follicule cells surrounds the primary oocyte dueing sexula development which will create: __.

Primodial

A sexual maturity happen if there is resulting to one that help DNA and one assist: __.

Polar Body

Primordial --> PRIMARY --> Secondary ---> __---> ovule cell

Terciary

Corpus albicans --> helps thicken and prepare for fertilation helps and for male is __.

spermatogenesis creates several viable

Which hormones control sexual process: the hypothymus secreats .

Gonadatropina hRM

The female body will use the _ to have LH hormone .

Estrogen

When endometrium begins to thicken, its called___.

Prolioferatire

hCG in the female body is known to prepare fertilitation which helps the _

Placenta