Bio 269 Lab Exam 1

what does GSR measure?

skin conductance

What are the units of GSR?

microsiemens (uS)

How is the GSR related to the ANS activity?

during a GSR, sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic branch of the ANS and fill with fluid and skin resistance decreases

How is the GSR affected by stressful stimuli?

when sympathetic activity increases, an increase in sweat production occurs, thereby increasing skin conductance

What happens to the GSR recording

and its underlying physiological processes when the stressful stimulus is removed?

when the stress is removed, GSR decreases because the sweat glands are no longer being innervated

What physiological process is skin temperature an indicator of?

blushing, metabolism

How is skin temperature related to the autonomic nervous system?

circulation in the microvasculature is under autonomic control

How is skin temperature affected by stressful stimuli?

stress responses that activate the sympathetic nervous system usually result in reduced peripheral circulation- cases decrease in skin temperature; strong signal from the parasympathetic nervous system can cause a localized increase in peripheral circulation (blushing)

Describe the changes that occur to pulse rate and depth when the ANS is up regulated

When the ANS is up regulated, norephrine is released by sympathetic upregulation, causing pulse rate to increase

Basophil

has granulocytes

lighter purple overall color and big black nucleus

Eosinophil

has granulocytes

nucleus is bi lobed

neutrophil

has granulocytes

nucleus has numerous lobes

monocyte

nucleus looks like a kidney and has no granulocytes

lymphocyte

large nucleus

"lunar" darker purple color

no granulocytes

What is the least abundant WBC?

basophils

What is the most abundant WBC?

Neutrophils (60-70%)

Hematocrit

The percent of the volume of whole blood that is composed of red blood cells

how is a hematocrit used?

How is hematocrit determined?

Determined by using a centrifuge

calculation for RBC count

count number of rbc's in 5 squares then multiply by 10,000

calculation for WBC count

count number of wbc's in 4 squares then multiply by 10,000

calculation for MHCH

Hb (g/dL Blood)

_______________ x 100

hematocrit (%)

normal value for humans is 32-36%

calculation for MCV

hematocrit x 10 / RBC count

Agglutination

clumping of red blood cells

what is the significance of agglutination?

if agglutination occurs after adding antibodies to blood, it means that an antigen is present

how do you determine blood type for ABO?

based on antigens on rbcs and antibodies in plasma

how do you determine blood type for Rh?

+ or - for Rh factor

what is happening during the first heart sound?

early phase of ventricular contraction; Av valves are closing

what is happening during the second heart sound

onset of diastole; semilunar valves closing

Heart Anatomy

what does the P wave of an ECG represent?

depolarization (contraction) of the atria

What does the QRS complex represent?

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

What does the T wave represent?

repolarization/relaxation of ventricles

What does the PR interval indicate?

Combined atrial and AV conduction delay.

What does the QT interval indicate?

the total timing of the refractory period of ventricular systole

what does the ST interval tell you

when ventricular myocites are in their plateau phases, the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized

What does the RR interval tell you?

one heart beat

how do you measure heart rate from an ECG trace?

60 seconds/R-R interval = beats per minute

how do you measure the time periods of systole and diastole from an ECG trace?

The peak of the R in the QRS complex is where systole starts, ends just after T wave

Diastole everywhere else

What do heart sounds represent?

-S1: Closing of AV valves

-S2: closing of aortic and pulmonary valves

and blood reverberating back on them

how do you measure systole and diastole from the trace of heart sounds?

-S1: onset of ventricular systole

-S2: onset of early diastole

what is the relationship of electrical signals of an ECG to heart sounds?

S1: occurs between R and S

S2: occurs right after T wave

how do you measure blood pressure?

sphygmomanometer

what do the numbers mean when measuring blood pressure?

systolic: the pressure in your arteries when your heart is pumping

diastolic: pressure inside arteries when heart is resting between beats

what is the mechanism responsible for the changes in blood pressure when you change position from lying down to standing up?

When you are lying down, the effect of gravity on your body is reduced, allowing more blood to flow back to your heart through your veins (low bp). Because more blood returns to the heart, the body is able to pump more blood per beat, which means that less beats per minute are required to satisfy your body's demand for blood, oxygen and nutrients. If you move from a lying or sitting position to a standing position, you may experience a sudden increase in heart rate (increase in BP).

what factors are important for increasing or decreasing BP?

When there is a greater volume of fluid, more fluid presses against the walls of the arteries resulting

in a greater pressure.

When there is less volume there is less pressure.

if you increase blood volume, what happens to BP?

bp will increase

MCHC- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Why is it useful?

useful in evaluating the clinical response of an anemic patient to therapy

the normal value for humans of MCHC is

32-36%

why does bp increase from sitting to standing?

increased force of contraction and fighting agaisnt gravity

why might a very fit person have a lower heart rate

their heart is stronger and more conditioned (its a muscle) which allows them to move more blood per beat so there isnt a need for as many beats (more efficient at pumping/circulating blood= doesnt have to work as hard)

what % of blood is Rbcs?

45%

what % of blood is wbcs

1%

what are normal hemoglobin levels for males and females

males: 16g/100ml

females: 13g/100ml

what does an elevated MCHC mean?

spherocytosis- production of spherical RBCs that are destroyed by the spleen

what does a low MCHC mean

iron deficiency

what is MCV

mean corpuscular volume- measure of the average blood cell volume

if MCV is elevated...

RBCs are larger than normal - vitamin b12 deficiency anemia

if MCV is depressed...

RBCs are smaller than normal- iron deficiency anemia

Agglutinogens

antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing

what does less than 45% rbc in blood mean

anemia- oxygen delivery problem

what does greater than 45% rbc in blood mean

polycythemia- circulation issue

average blood volume for males and females

Males: 5-6 L

Females: 4-5 L

plasma

liquid portion of blood; makes up 54%

platelets

make up 1%

blood type A

has A antigens present on RBC membranes; has anti-b antibodies present in plasma

blood type b

antigen B, antibody A

blood type AB

A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient)

blood type O

neither A or B antigens (universal donor);

has both anti A and anti B antibodies (can only receive from O)

MCV (mean corpuscular volume) formula

hematocrit (% rbcs) x10/rbc count (millions/mm^3)

factors causing anemia

rbc frailty, maturation deficiency, hemorrhage

What does MCHC stand for?

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration